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LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 


WOODS HOLE, MASS. 


LOANED BY AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 





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THE CANADIAN 


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ENTOMOLOGIST. 


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VOR Wat Kwa: 


EDITED BY WILLIAM SAUNDERS, 


LONDON, ONTARIO. 








Ja SSA Ste aD) 2S Se 


Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, D.C L., Port Hope, Ont., J. M. Denton, London, 
Ont., and E. Baynes Reed, London, Ont. 





London: 
PREE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY 


1883. 





—— 


LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME. 


BOWUEES, WGrpacet. calle: 
BUNKER, ROBERT........ 
CLARKSON, FREDERICK 





CORPSE OEE FEW ons eine ee sti Neo aie 


COQUILLETT, D. W 


DDESVIBIRIEF AUX OWieot Lis cf. 8 ceteris aioteremielne 
BDIWIARD SS SW tbh roc cae orate ae 


EVANS, JOHN D......... 
PERWALD GOH...) .: 
FISCHER, PH........ 


BEETOCHDR. Percy cc ehcdees 


BELLEVILLE, ONT. 
Port Hops, ONT. 


.. MONTREAL, QUEBEC. 


ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 


.. NEW YorK CITY. 


AKRON, OHIO. 
WoopstTock, ILLINOIs. 
CLYDE, NEW YorRK. 


.. COALBURGH, WEST Va. 


TRENTON, ONT. 
ORONO, MAINE, 
BUFFALO, NEW YorRK. 


. OTTAWA, ONT. 


REBAN Gane GaN eek, Ri ee gers ets mos ohh ay CARBONDALE, ILLINOIs. 
YE GRID Vide Wiens k. ee ewan. oe LEVI, QUEBEC. 
CE DID BS) G@ANIBIG By spied eos <a ers ae TORONTO, ONT. 
GB ERSE Wi: Withtec tele acre ere tak eee ROCHESTER, NEW YORK. 


GOSSE PH sap, Satie eee fon 
.+ » .:-:e0...... NEW BRIGHTON, NEW YORK. 
AGEN Eee EAC ees chacats eee cs ee CAMBRIDGE, Mass. 

EEAIVEDE ROIN s]| OUBLIN GS eee. 9.0: eS uate 


GAN OME OS IRE ane ge 


EAC RSRAIEN GAR @ING VW) GElerstnse 2 2) as. tae 


EE USS nC AROMENE (Bie, 20. 4 oscar PARRSBORO, NOVA SCOTIA. 
EL OUI AIN IO Wii: oa de rte cec.c ss ont cee PITTSBURGH, PA. 

GES BING Bs Ui Gu BSN Bee, Steger s a vs ate decree cic ee PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
ReMi C OTD SeS | een cea: b2...:... BUFFALO, NEW YorRK. 

KGB VERS S ee EL AURY Ral Eyl lon idiscre cts oe kclan s ose WATERTOWN, NEW YORK. 
ATSINATSINIPARS Ay eANeets ce (oreo tacts nese .. ALBANY, NEw York. 
MURIM INE 1 OeUN | soon ends pesca es Aen. > CARBONDALE, ILLINOIs. 
NEGO) BBP AGT cea netanie ys tees te atts ole ote HAMILTON, ONT. 
MING PARED tet tees, eet in. ae FAIRBURY. ILLINOIs. 

VU RS BRED ie WEAIROY Bie. 5) hae os ae KIRKWOOoD, MIssouri 
OSBORN SBEULR BE Riese san oe eee ee AMEs, Iowa. 

ROLE] ODP Dd bts ae a ee aor ren Ae ee LONDON, ONT. 

125) D1 Dad bard ie eee ate ep a ae . LONDON, ONT. 

1G UIA DIN. | ONY Gn ee Ua Ee Ae Re RA Od . WASHINGTON, D. C. 
FEO) Gr ESS ME ech oo Se ee ees. Oe ee KINGSTON, ONT. 
SAUNDERS, W. (The Editor)...... . LONDON, ONT. 
SUING BS RIGS VV dun. he see. i cet LONDON, ONT. 

SOE VVIAINZ: EBAY. Makes ti CR ero eaten WASHINGTON, D. C. 
SVU) ON! Bi aa. ky toee oss ehraereee ae BROOKLYN, NEw York. 
SVE Ro DIRS Am... as Sites ye . GERMANY. 

“TECON Ys SMD DS HDS O30) Beg 1 PA oe oR a CONSTANTINE, MICHIGAN. 
VAN WAGENEN, G. H................, RYE WESTCHESTER ComeN., Ve. 
WEA STINGEHAM. TeORID 5204s oc oes. ENGLAND. 

PVE CoE Ales Wiel, Gal. I8. a aerate oy Rane en aie SAN BERNARDINO, CALIFORNIA, 


ENGLAND. 


ALLEGHENY, PA. 


.Orrawa, ONT. 










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Op NEW YORK. A 

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Che Canadun Entomoloaist. 
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TO OUR READERS. 

With the present issue THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISY enters upon the 
fifteenth year of its existence. During that long period it has had many 
friends, but these were never more numerous than at present, for the good 
work it has done and is still doing is recognized by all. While thanking 
those who have so kindly aided us in the past, we solicit a continuance of 
their support, and at the same time would request any of our younger 
Entomologists who may have observed any facts worth recording in refer- 
ence to the habits or life history of any of our insects, to send them for 
publication, and thus aid us in our endeavors to make the fifteenth volume 





at least equal to any of its predecessors in usefulness. 

We also take this opportunity of reminding our subscribers that sub- 
scriptions for the current year are now due. Remittances should be sent 
to the Secretary, E. Baynes Reed, London, Ontario. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


—— 


THE APPLE LEAF-CRUMPLER—Phycita nebulo. 


During the winter there will often be found on apple trees clusters of 
curious little cases, partly and some- 
times wholly hidden by portions of 
crumpled and withered leaves, as 
shown in figure 1. ‘The withered 
leaves are firmly fastened to the 
cases by silken threads, and the 
cases to the bark of the twig on 
which they are placed. Each case 
resembles a long miniature horn, 
wide at one end, tapering almost to 





a point at the other, and twisted in 
a very odd manner, as shown at a and 4, figure 2. _ It is curiously con- 


jetta ay 


2 THR CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





structed of silk interwoven with the castings of the artificer, is lined 
internally with smooth, whitish silk, externally it is rougher and of a yellow- 
ish brown color. 

Within this curious structure there dwells a small caterpillar, which 
during the winter months remains torpid, awakening to activity with the 
warmth of spring. As the leaves 
of the apple tree begin to expand, 
the larva draws those that are near- 
est to 1t towards the case, and feeds 
on them, retreating quickly within 
its. case when danger threatens. 
When full grown it is about six- 
tenths of an inch long, its body 
tapering slightly towards the hinder 
extremity. . The head is dark red- 
dish brown and the body dull green- 





ish brown; the next segment to the 
head has a dark horny plate above 
anda flattened blackish prominence 
on each side. The head and an- 
terior segments are shown at ¢ in 
the figure. On each of the other 





segments there are several small 
black dots, from each of which arises a single pale brown hair. When 
mature, which is usually during the early part of June, it closes the end of 
its case, and changes to a chrysalis within, about four-tenths of an inch 
long and of a reddish brown color, and in about a fortnight the moth 
appears. ; 

When its wings are spread, the moth (d¢, figure 2) measures about 
seven-tenths of an inch across. Its fore wings are pale brown, with streaks 
and patches of silvery white, the hind wings plain brownish white ; the 
under side of both wings paler. ‘There is only one brood in a year. The 
moths deposit their eggs in the summer, and the larvee construct their 
cases and attain about one-third of their growth before winter sets in. 

Where these insects are abundant they become very injurious, consuming 
the young growth as it expands and materially affecting the vigor of the 
tree. To subdue them, pick the crumpled leaves with the cases from the 
trees and destroy them, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a) 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 
bY Aw Ro seGROTEY A. OM: 
(Continued from Vol. xiv., Page 237.) 


Yrras VOLUCRIS, 0. Ss. 

f. Allied to Repentis, the lines having the same general course, but 
they are brown, not black, and the ground color is darker. ‘The space 
included by the discal rounding of the t. p. line is not so large. The 
reniform shows a black included streak and the black costal dots on 
median space ‘are as in its ally. The angles of the t. a. line are less 
sharp. There is a minute apical black mark on the margin, before which 
a paler shade, an approximation to the ocellate mark of CZ/ent/s. On hind 
wings the distinct black. mesial line is wanting. Beneath the wings are 
paler at base and the lines very faint. HAawpanse 26 mil. Arizona. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 

This species has a slight bluish cast above; the underlying color is 
more yellowish and brown. Several fresh specimens, undoubtedly distinct 
from Repentis. 

The species may be arranged in the following order : C@entis, Volucris, 


Repentis, Crudelts. 


PHEOCYMA UMBRINA, DN. s. 

f . Soft brown, the male broken up by paler whitish linings to 
the subterminal line, the reniform, following the t. a. line and on second- 
aries across the middle of the wing. ‘I. a. line oblique; t. p. line uneven, 
widely exserted ; s. t. line upright, a little indented on vein 2, and just 
below costa. In the female these light shades are wanting and replaced 
by soft brown ; the reniform being a little pale. Fringes dotted, especially 
noticeable beneath, where the under surface is blackish, discolorous, with 
the common extra-mesial line distinct. On hind wings above, the outer 
line is thick and black, expiring before costa, followed by pale lining in 
the male. Lxfpanse, male, 32, female 35 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neu- 
moegen, Esq. This species differs by its soft brown color. A fine variety 
of the female has the s. t. line preceded by a dark brown shade, covering 
much of the wing. 

PERIGEA EPpoPpEA, Cram. 

Since publishing the “ New Check List,” I have investigated the syn- 
onymy of this species. It has received many names, not only owing to 


4 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





its variability, the bluish-gray shining fore wings being variously deep in 
color and intruded on by the brown shadings, but on account of its wide 
habitat. It is migratory, ascending the coast to Maine. I have taken it 
on Staten Island in October. Mr. Thaxter took it in Jamaica, W. I. It 
is found along the Gulf Coast. It is No. 478 of the ‘‘ New Check List.” 

Its natural history will probably be found to run parallel with other 
immigrants from the South. 


CARNEADES, n. gen. 

Like Agrvotis, but with a navel-shaped tubercle on the clypeus. Tibi 
armed. Eyes naked. Body untufted. Vestiture hairy. Male antenne 
sub-simple, ciliate. Size moderate, like Agrotis campestris. 


CARNEADES MOERENS, 0, Ss. 
ft. Of a faded rusty yellowish fuscous. Lines fuscous, double, rather 
indistinct, scalloped. Stigmata concolorous, the orbicular round, with 
central dark dot. ‘The reniform indistinct, with an inferior stain. Ter- 
minal space a little darker than the wing. Collar with a faint line. Thorax 
like fore wings. ‘The untufted abdomen yellowish. Hund wings pale, with 
diffuse pale fuscous subterminal shading; a mesial line. Beneath pale, 
with common faint line and rather long discal streaks. Arizona. Coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


ANARTA SUBMARINA, 0. S. 

Body untufted. Eyes hairy. Apices of primaries sharp. Tibiz 
unarmed. Fore wings pale olivaceous gray. Lines marked doubly in 
black on costa, but else single, approaching inferiorly ; t. a. forming three 
curves ; t. p. dentate. Median shade visible. Stigmata lost. S. t. line 
obsolete. A very indistinct terminal series of dots. Fringes somewhat 
fuscous, cut with. pale. Hind wings dark, fuscous or blackish, a little 
paler at base ; a mesial line. Head and thorax like fore wings. Beneath 
whitish with a distinct, extra discal, common line. outside of which is a 
diffuse subterminal shading continued on both wings. A discal lunule on 
primaries, wanting, or with hardly a trace of it, on hind wings. Montana. 
Four specimens. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

The cut of the wings is different from the other species, costa straight ; 
but it may be placed here for the present. 


RHODOSEA, 0. g. 
Looks like Heliophila, allied to Rhodophora. Wings entire, wide, costa 
straight, internal margin parallel, outer margin oblique. Eyes naked, un- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 5 








lashed. Front very globose and full between the eyes. Fore tibia with 
two terminal claws ; the other tibiz sparsely spmose. Body untufted, 
abdomen exceeding hind wings. Antenne simple. Fore wings vinous 
pink without marks of any kind, longitudinally shaded, 


RHODOSEA JULIA, Nn. s. 

Fore wings pink, the thorax behind and a patch on internal margin at 
base of primaries pale yellow. A pale yellow streak along the cell. The 
color appears as if longitudinally laid on in diffuse streaks. | Head and 
thorax in front rosy. Fringes pale. Hind wings whitish, shaded with 
blackish, beneath white. Fore wings beneath shaded with fuscous, except 
at apices and terminally, where they are pinkish or pale; the pale streak 


_ appears running to margin. . Hxfanse 34 mil. No. 975. New Mexico. 


Prof. Snow. 

PHAEGARISTA SEVORSA Grote. 

I find that my /evaria Sevorsa is a member of this tropical genus, 
hitherto undetected in our territory. Our species may be known by the 
yellow undotted hind wings with their even black border, and the details 
of the markings of primaries, when compared with the East Indian P. 
Transiens, in which the sexes differ in markings. The single specimen 
which I had to describe from has the body somewhat flattened by acci- 
dental pressure, which assisted my mistake in the location of the insect. 
It is otherwise bright and fresh. ‘The genus was not known to me in 
nature previously, and the mistake was an easy one under the circum- 
stances, the species looking much like Lederer’s Chrysaugide. 

SYNEDA Huvsonica G. & R. 

$ @. Four specimens of this distinct species, the males witha bright 
brown mesial band on primaries above, are in Mr. Neumoegen’s collec- 
tion from Montana, taken by Mr. Morrison. 

ME Lipotis NiGRESCENS G. & R. 

The male of this species is unquestionably //avipennis Harv. The 
species is perfectly distinct from Hubner’s Fascio/aris. 

MELIPOTIS STYGIALIS Gr. 

Two specimens in Mr. Neumogen’s collection vary in size. This 
species and JZ. Sinuwa/is Harvey may be found to fall in with previously 
described West Indian forms. 

MELIPOTIS VERSABILIS Harvey. 

Two specimens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection make me think that 


6 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





this is distinct and not a variety of /wcunda. Both have been accidentally 
omitted from the ‘* New Check List.” 


TRICHOCOSMIA, 1. gen. 

Allied to Cosméa, but with hairy eyes. Vestiture flattened hair, 
mixed with broader scales on thorax, close and short. Wings entire. 
Abdomen untufted, a little exceeding secondaries. ‘Tibize unarmed. 
Surface of the unlashed eyes covered with short hairs. Clypeus smooth. 
Palpi rather short. The type is a smaller insect than Cosma Orina, with 
similarly shaped wings. 


TRICHOCOSMIA INORNATA, DN. S. 


fg 2. Fore wings faded reddish ochery, markings obliterate. In 
the freshest specimens the pale s. t. line may be made out, a rounded t. p. 
line, somewhat broadly shaded with darker ochery; a stain on median 
vein. Hind wings pure white above and below, immaculate. ‘Thorax 
like fore wings. Abdomen white. Arizona. Six examples. In coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 


Capis CurvATA, Grote. 

Mrs. C. A. Fernald has kindly sent me a male which | have examined 
and given all the structural characters possible, but those previously given 
would allow of the genus being placed next to S’syriypena im a synopsis. 


ByssoDES OBRUSSATA, Grote. 

A well marked male in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection from Indian River 
has the fasciz bright yellow ; on hind wings the red spots reduced and an 
orange border to the wing, running also outside the metallic band. The 
color of the common band varies in depth. Veins on secondaries some- 
times marked with yellow. 


URAPTERYX POLITIA, var. FLORIDATA, N. var. 

f 2. Belongs to Guenee’s Group 2, but differs in detail from all the 
species he describes. Primaries and secondaries dark yellow, the former 
with a small purple costal v-shaped spot, the wings are sparsely speckled 
with purple, which is gathered into larger patches subterminally and about 
anal angle. A discal dot. Hind wings with a purple straight line bordered 
by a small dark spot before anal angle. Beneath the line is repeated more 
diffusely and above the wing is washed with purplish before line, the color 
widening to internal margin. xfanse 44 mil. Indian River. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 7 





The colony of tropical insects at the southern extremity of the Floridian 
Peninsula is one of exceeding interest. ‘The more muscular insects such 
as Sphingidee and Noctuide seem to be often the same species as the 
West Indian. There is probably a constant accession of fresh blood. I 
do not separate the Florida Adwardsz¢ of Butler from Cuban A/opfe. But 
the feebler winged Bombyces and Geometrids seem to differ shghtly and 
seem to have undergone a local modification. My notes on the fauna of 
the Peninsula are not yet ready for publication, but they show some re- 
markable results parallel with my already published studies of the distribu- 
tion of the Lepidoptera. 


SCOLECOCAMPA OBSCURA, DN. S. 

Fore wings ochrey fuscous with an interrupted black terminal line, two 
dots on the cell and indications of a rounded, bent, single outer median 
line. Thorax like primaries. Hind wings dark fuscous. Beneath paler, 
without markings on either wing. Palpi obliquely ascending, fuscous. 
Antenne pale. One specimen. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 
Allied to Bipuncta, but darker and stouter. 


PHASIANE IRRORATA Pack. 
A large specimen of this species, which may be known by the broad 


pale yellowish median bands, is contained in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection 
from Arizona. 


SEMIOTHISA S-SIGNATA Pack. 

Arizona specimens vary by the wings being pale ochrey without marks 
except the black, curved inferior portion of the outer line. Again all 
marked with dark blotches. ‘The S-shaped black line is more even than in 
Packard’s figure, but I do not think there is room to suspect a different 
species. 


SEMIOTHISA COLORATA, N. S. 


This is smaller but in form lke Oce//inata. No discal mark on fore 
wings, which show three dark costal spots, the lines obsolete. The wing 
is washed with faint reddish ochrey. Subterminal line cloudy, blackish 
continuous, upright, followed by a paler shade. Hind wings light gray, 
with but little of the warmer tint of primaries; a discal point. Beneath 
with discal marks on both wings. and with a well marked subterminal band 
on the whitish secondaries. On fore wings above the terminal space shows 
an irregular blackish shading. External margin even. Wings sparsely 


8 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








irrorate. HExpanse 22 mil. Arizona. Six or eight specimens in coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


SEMIOTHISA CALIFORNIATA, Pack. 

?. Mouse gray. Fore wings crossed by three fine brown lines, the 
outer somewhat flexed and dotted on the veins, deeply marked -on costa. 
Discal dot an annulus on the bent median shade or second line. Hind 
wings crossed by three lines, the outer broadest and bent, the inner illegible ; 
a solid discal dot above and below. ‘The discal mark on primaries be- 
neath is an annulus. Under surface evenly and somewhat closely mottled 
with dark. On fore wings above a slight cloud outside of the third line 
between veins 3 and 4. Body gray. Beneath somewhat ochreous and 
pale ; a common narrow and faint dark outer line angulate below costa 
and corresponding to the third line of upper surface of primaries. Lapanse 
27 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


I re-describe this fresh specimen to.show that, while it varies a little 
from Dr. Packard’s description, and this more in the way of looking at the 
markings than in anything real, the Californian species really occurs in 
Arizona. 


SEMIOTHISA DIsLOCARIA, Pack. 

A fine pair of this very distinct and remarkable species is contained in 
Mr. Neumoegen’s collection from Texas. The pectinated f antenne and 
the discolorous veins and robust form are distinguishing characters. 


PHASIANE NeEptata, Pack. 

This species occurs in Arizona and resembles Me//istrigata in the 
color of the lines. ‘The course of the outer line is different. Mr. Neumoe- 
gen’s collection. 


APATELA VULPINA, I. 5S. 

This is allied to Leporina and Lepusculina (Populi Riley). The wings 
’ but ofa 
creamy, yellowish white, not irrorate. The secondaries are not ofa ‘‘ blanc 
sale,” but pure immaculate white. The markings are as in Leforina ;a 
black basal dash; the t. a. line consisting of three black spots; a small 
ringed orbicular sometimes wanting; a small lunate black reniform. T. p. 
line fragmentary but without the dash at internal angle “en T” of Zepus- 
culina, or at most the smallest remnant of it. The markings of these 


three are alike, but Vz/p7ma is slight, like ZLeporina and would have been 


are not “d'un blanc grisatre saupoudré de fins atomes noirs,’ 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 8) 


placed in a group with it by Gueneé. ‘The larva has been discovered and 
will be described by Mr. Thaxter. N. Y. (Dr. Bailey.) 


HADENA PLUTONIA, 0. s. 

gf. Allied to Vultuosa; very deep almost black brown. A black 
streak at base on internal margin and black irregular dashes before s. t. 
line. Lines double, marked on costa, else difficult to make out. Orbicular 
oblique, concolorous, a little paler, incompletely black-ringed. The wing 
is of a burnt brown that makes all description difficult by obscuring the 
markings. Anal hairs ochery. Hind wings fuscous with pale fringes. 
Beneath the hind wings are paler, ochery towards inner margin ; a dot and 
two extra mesial lines. On fore wings terminal space a little paler. Palpi 
brown, paler in front. FHxfazse 36 mil. Kelley Point, Maine. Mr. 
Thaxter. 


SPILOSOMA ConGRUA Walker. 

This species has at length been discovered. Mr. Thaxter has reared 
it from the larva. On my first visit to the British Museum I examined 
Walker’s types and made the following description of his specimens : 

“ f. Primaries white with a very few sparsely arranged brown dots 
and an S-shaped subterminal brown line, incompletely drawn across the 
wing. Abdomen entirely white. 2. Anterior wings with but one or two 
exterior dots, almost immaculate white. Secondaries immaculate in either 
sex. Inwardly the fore coxz and femora are dark yellow without the 
black spot sometimes in .S. Virgénica, than which this species seems a 
little slighter. Beneath the male has faint discal marks wanting in the 
female. Palpi and antennz much as in C. Virginica. All the tarsi and 
tibiz are brown inwardly.” 

The species may be distinguished from Latzpennis by the yellow front 
legs, and from Virginica by the unspotted abdomen. At the time I made 
these notes I had never seen the species, nor have I seen it until now. | 
was doubtful about its being North American; But very likely it is a form 
that Mr. Strecker calls Antigone, which must join that author’s long list of 
synonyms. 

CARIPETA SUBOCHREARIA, N. S. 

Larger than Div7saria and deeper in color. Thorax, head and costa 
of fore wings bright ochraceous. Rest of the wing deep brownish ochrey. 
Outer mesial band followed by a broad, uneven yellowish white shade. S. t. 
line dentate, edged with scattered pale scales, Discal spot yellowish white, 


10) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


rounded. Inner line preceded by yellowish white shading, bent on disk. 
Fringe checkered. Hind wings brown with lead colored powdering. Fringe 
marked with dark at end of veins. Beneath pale brown, reflecting mark- 
ings. ‘Iwo specimens. Mr. Neumoegen’s collection. North Carolina. 


Expanse 35 mil. 


ONCOCNEMIS CURVICOLLIS, 0, S. 
ft 9. Eyes naked. Tibia with a claw on front pair. Body rather 
slender. Light gray. Collar a little cut out behind, and projected in 
front. (This latter character is sometimes accidentally caused; in C, 
Occata 1 was misled by it to refer the species to C/eophana.) No lines. 
Transverse lines marked on costa. Orbicular with dark gray centre, finely 
annulate within with pale. The wings show longitudinal light and dark 
marks. Hind wings whitish in male, with improminent smoky borders in 
the female, not as dark as Major, to which this 1s alhed. | Hind wings 
dark in the female. Thorax dark gray. Stigmata much as in JZajor; in 
one specimen the claviform contrasts by its pallor. The orbicular seems 
less sharp. This species seems to differ by the collar being more cut out, 
the slenderer body, want of any determinate subterminal markings. OQ. 
Curvicollis is before me in three specimens from Arizona expanding 34 mil. 

Neither Africo//aris nor its ally, Grisercol/7s, have the collar excavate ; 
Copihadena has no character that | can see. Neither has JZetahadena, 
which, if the front tibia are really armed, as now stated by Mr. Smith, 
must be referred. to Oncocnemis. While Crbalis and Gracillima 
are allied in marking, Curaico//is belongs to the series of Chandler, 
Riparia, Major and Agualis.  Pernotala Gr. shows a faint resemblance 
to the European Campico/a. ‘The genus is fairly numerous in species ; 1 
should be glad to divide it, but I cannot see on what grounds either of Mr. 
Morrison’s genera are to stand. I relied on Mr. Morrison’s diagnosis that 
the tibiz were unarmed in referring A/r?fasciata to Homohadena. ‘There 
is no longer any doubt that Aparva is not a vanety of Chand- 
Jeri, as which Mr. Morrison described it. We have now three Eastern 
Oncocnemis: Riparia, Saundersiana and Atrofasciata, besides the Texan 
Occata. In all we have 24 species so far described. | Most of the types 
are in the collections of Messrs. Neumoegen, ‘Tepper and Graef. I feel 
some doubt about the distinctness of Major and Curvicol/is, the latter is 
slighter and paler, even less distinctly marked subterminally, and the collar 
is more excavate. Agua/is, from California, is also near to these. JJeadz- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 1 


ana 1 do not know except from a view of the type. ‘The rest seem very 
distinct. 


PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote (1873) 


The three species which | now refer to this genus agree in the peculiar 
frontal excavation, the smaller of them ( 72Aferz) showing it less promin- 
ently. There is a perfect resemblance in the markings; the position of 
the lines and the dark triangular spot crowning the subterminal field of 
primaries above, especially in the form of the thorax and in the peculi- 
arity of the tegulee, which spread away from the thorax and are furnished 
at tips with elevated scales. In the two larger species (/¢yochromus and 
Expallidus) the cup-like frontal excavation is completely exposed. 

t. Fityochromus Grote, Bull. B. S. N.S.) 1., 1827, 1873. - Schiuze 

media Morr., Proc. Bost. S. N. H., 123, 1875. 
Southern, Western and Middle States. 
2. Expallidus Grote. Montana. 
a. leppert. Morr, Proc. Ac) Nes. Phil, 68) 1875; Grote, Bull BS: 
Neo iI. 9, S75: 
Texas. 

P. Tepper? is a lovely species of a dusky green tinge, and the neat 
markings show very distinctly against the ground color. Mr. Morrison 
gives the unarmed fore tibize as a distinguishing character of Polenta as 
compared with Scfznia. But the genus is not allied to Schznia, but to 
Fala and Stibadium and Stiria. ‘The characters of the “front” and the 
tegulz are not noticed by Mr. Morrison, who based his genus on a single 
erroneous character. ‘The fore tibize are armed in all the species, not un- 
armed in Zepperz, as stated by Mr. Smith. 


CarocaALaA SEMIRELICTA Grote. 


In Mr. Neumoegen’s collection is a specimen exactly like my type and 
figure and description : the white patches on the primaries, the pinkish red 
seeondaries, the abbreviate black band, are all represented. There is, 
then, an intermediate specimen in which the fore wings are a little grayer 
all over, and then the type form described as Pura. ‘There is not a 
shadow of a doubt on my mind, after seeing these, that they all belong to 
one species. Documentary evidence exists that before its description Mr. 
Strecker also regarded Pura as the same as Semirelicta, or very near it. 
Finally it seems to have been agreed to refer Semsrelicta as a variety of 


12 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Briseis, and then to re-describe its probably more usual form as a new 
species. 

CATOCALA ARIZON#. 

This has the tore wings more purely brown, a reddish or rusty brown, 
no yellow admixture. ‘The whole wing is tinted with a brownish shade 
and there is not the division of colors as in Junctura. The hind wings 
are pinkish red and the abbreviate band dvoader than in Junctura. Thus 
there is a certain resemblance to Aymatrix, which I alluded to in my 
original description. Although without figures these differences cannot be 
brought out in words as they should be, a study of Mr. Neumoegen’s fine 
material will convince any student of the correctness of my separation. 


CarocaLa WALSHII. 

This species as found in Kansas and Illinois, also in New Mexico, 
seems to me identical with Aspasia.  Arizone is a larger, rich brown 
species reared in Arizona by Mr. Doll and probably identical with the 
Texan form which has been distributed by Belfrage as “ Wadshii.” ‘This 
Texan form is wot the true Wadshiz,and while it has not received a special 
name, I regard it as a variety of Ar/zone. Walker's Junctura, according 
to Mr. Butler, is = Wadsfii as taken by Prof. Snow. ‘The statement that 
Arizoneé was = Wadlshii is based on an erroneous identification of the 
latter species, which appears to have been named three times. 


CATOCcALA JUNCTURA Walk. 

Fore wings dusky gray, shaded with yellowish brown over the reniform 
and subterminal space. — Base yellowish brown shaded, though often this 
latter tint is confined to the double t. a. line. ‘The two colors are blended 
so that there is no distinctness in the shading. ‘The dentate s. t. line in- 
cludes a paler gray shade. Hind wings pinkish red with the median band 
rather narrow, abbreviate. /xfanse 80 mil. Illinois; Ky. ; Missouri; 
Kansas ; New Mexico. 

With this, Walshiz W. H. Edwards, and Aspasza Strecker, are in my 
opinion absolutely identical. ‘Types in coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. ‘Taken 
by Prof. F. H. Snow. 

A form collected by Belfrage in ‘Texas, in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection 
and labelled “ Wadshiz,” may be a var. of that species. It is larger. 

I do not wish to name any more varieties in this genus, but in Mr, 
Neumoegen’s grand collection there are two specimens which seem to me 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 13 





Junctura, but have gray primaries without darker shades. ‘There is also 
an unnamed variety of Verri//iana with yellow secondaries, from Arizona. 


The synonymy of the species here discussed should be as follows : 


1173 Junctura Walk. 
Walshi Edw. 
Aspasta Streck. 

1174 Arizone Grote. 

1186 Semirelicta Grote. 
Var. Pura Hulst. 

I have Catocala Violenta also from New Mexico, collected by Prof. 
Snow. 
(Zo be Continued.) 


THE FOOD RELATIONS OF THE CARABIDA AND: COCCIN- 
ELLIDAS. By S. A. Forses. From Bulletin No. 6, Ill. State Lab. 
of Nat. Hist., Normal, Ill., Jan:, 1883, 8vo., pp. 31. 


Through the kindness of the author, we have been favored with a copy 
of the above paper, which embodies the results of a very laborious series 
of microscopic examinations of the contents of the alimentary canal of insects 
belonging to the Carabidze and Coccinellidz. In the Carabide the results of 
the dissection and study of 175 specimens are given, representing 38 species 
and 20 genera. Of the Coccinellide, the results of the dissection of 39 
specimens are given, accompanied by carefully compiled tables presenting 
the evidence in the most convenient and accessible forms. — Prof. Forbes’ 
experiments show clearly that the opinions hitherto held by Entomologists 
as to the food of these insects are in many respects incorrect. While it is 
shown that the insects belonging to the genus Calosoma live almost 
exclusively on animal food, those of Chlcenius and Galerita to the extent 
of nine-tenths, and those of Pterostichus three-fourths; the species of 
Harpalus take only about r2 per cent. of animal food, Anisodactylus 21 
per cent., Amara and Amphasia 23 per cent., and Agonoderus about 33 
per cent.; the whole series of Carabidae examined averaging 57 per cent. 
of animal food, the remainder being vegetable and consisting mainly of the 
pollen of flowers and the spores of fungi. 


14 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Of the Coccinellida examined, animal food constitutes but little more 
than one-third of the whole, the other two-thirds consisting of 45 per cent. 
of the spores of fungi, 4 per cent. of those of lichens, and 14 per cent. of 
pollen. Prof. Forbes has laid all who are interested in this subject under 
grateful obligations to him for his valuable contributions to our knowledge 
in this department. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES 7@R 
PYRAMEIS ATALANTA, Linn. 


BY) WES TED WER S COAL BURGH sWen aVeAt 





(Continued from Vol. 14, p. 234.) 


ON THE LARVAL HABITS. 

The habits of these larvee in Europe may not improbably differ in some 
respects from the habits in Americas Our hot summers, as compared with 
England, at least, may compel more or less change. With us, speaking of 
my own district, and of the False Nettle, Boehmeria, as the food plant, the 
eggs I beheve to be always laid on the young terminal leaves, as Dr. Har- 
ris states is the case with the Nettle, Urtica. 1 come to this conclusion, 
not because | have found eggs on the terminal leaves, for-1 do not remem- 
ber that I have ever found an egg of Atalanta laid by a free female; but 
because the larvae, in first stage, have always been observed on these 
leaves. [| have repeatedly obtained eggs from females tied in bags over 
the food.plant. On rst Aug., 1881, upwards of roo were so obtained. 
They were laid everywhere, on leaves, stem and bag. When the larve 
hatched, those on the lower leaves made an effort to reach the upper ones, 
and finding these occupied, accepted any position they could get, turning 
up the side of a leaf, when necessary. Several lived on the same leaf, 
each in its own case however. But in a free state, the young larva has 
always been found by me on the very small terminal leaf, which it has 
closed up from the base.. Dr. Harris says: “ /¢ spins a little web to 
cover itself, securing the threads all around to the edges of the leaf, so as 
to bend upwards the sides, and form a kind of trough, in which tt remains 
concealed. One end of the cavity ts left open, and through this the cater- 
pillar thrusts its head while feeding.” ‘Vhs does not properly describe 
the proceeding on Boehmeria. On this the newly hatched larva begins at 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 15 


the base of the leaf, and spins threads across it. It is not difficult to 
bring the edges together, as the leaf is but partially opened, the edges 
being somewhat curled in. Within a few hours, the whole leaf will be 
found to be stitched in the manner which [I will describe at one larval 
stage later. But an opening is not left at the tip for the larva to thrust 
out its head; nor does it begin at the tip and eat downward. ‘That would 
apply to the larva from second moult onward. ‘The young one eats the 
substance of the leaf within its case, at some distance from the tip, leaving 
the framework untouched. It makes its resting place quite close to the 
base, and there it will remain till after it has passed the first moult. ‘The 
case at this stage is never so eaten that it does not afford protection to the 
larva, and protection at the youngest stage is most important, as it is then, 
if ever, that the little ichneumon-fly deposits its egg. ‘The net-work of the 
frame of the leaf would seem sufficient to keep out many sorts of 
enemies. Most of the feeding is done at night. At last, some morning, 
the tenant will be found to have deserted its case, and to have shut itself 
up in one of the second pair of leaves, and it is now past the first moult. 
I experimented on several Jarvze just past this moult. One was placed on 
the terminal leaf of a plant set in a flower-pot in my room. — A few minutes 
later. it had descended to the secotd pair, and taken possession of one of 
them. Its first movement was to gnaw nearly through the mid-rib quite at 
the base of the leaf, and also to cut a hole on either side. the rib at the 
break. ‘The leaf was thus made to droop several degrees, and at the same 
time the sides moved closer together. ‘Then spinning began. ‘Threads 
were laid obliquely across the open space, one end fastened to the base of 
the leaf on one side, the other a little above the base. After the edges 
had been bound for a short distance in this way, a change was made and 
threads were spun directly across, and over the first ones, begin- 
ning at the base. One set of threads drew the edges, the other held them. 
Then the oblique threads were laid again, and the cross threads, and so 
on, alternating, till at 90 minutes from the start, sometimes working, some- 
had closed half the 
length of the leaf. It had also spun some c:oss threads within, which 


times resting, the little creature—.2 inch only 





would help hold the sides in place. Next morning the leaf was com- 
pletely closed, and to get a view of the larva I had to slit the case with 
scissors. ‘This was the usual mode at the younger larval stages, only that 
at the first, on the terminal leaf, the rib was not bitten nor were holes 
made at the base. 


16 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





My larve displayed much ingenuity, overcoming obstacles, and by no 
means proceeded always in the same way. Another just past first moult, 
descended as before to second pair, but instead of breaking the rib to let 
the leaf fall, set itself to attach threads to the upper leaves to hold its leaf 
up, and then closed the edges. Doubtless it had its sufficient reasons for 
so building. In this instance, the leaf stood at about 30° above horizontal, 
in the first, the leaf had been a little below horizontal. c 

A third larva at same stage proceeded in quite another way. It re- 
mained on the terminal leaf, and stitched one edge of it to the near edge 
of one of second pair; (in this plant the pairs of leaves alternate on the 
stem, one beimg at right angles to the other). An hour later, it was 
stitching the other edge of the other leaf of the second pair. After another 
hour, it had begun to draw up the tip of its own leaf and at length got 
this turned over and bound down, shutting itself in a sub-triangular case, 
very different from the usual one. During the next few days I could 
discover no trace of this larva having fed, and on the fourth day, it had 
left its case and closed up a leaf by the edges, after biting off the stem, as 
related in larva No. 1. At the lower, or tip end as it hung, this case 
touched the next leaf below perpendicularly, and was stitched to it, and 
that day and the next the larva fed off the tip of its case, and as fast as 
eaten this was drawn down to the lower leaf, so that the open end was 
pretty well closed against the ingress of any enemy. ‘The. following day, 
seeing no change in the eaten parts, I cut the case and found the larva 
dead, and a cocoon of an ichneumon-fly by its side. 

Finally, a fourth larva overcame many troubles in this wise. It was 
placed on one of the second pairs of leaves, andit closed the edges without 
biting the mid-nb, until it had gone one-third the length of the leaf, when 
it returned and broke the mid-rib and also eat the two holes at its base. 
We may suppose that the larval mind at first decided that the leaf would 
come together without the rib being broken ; and second, discovered that 
this was a mistake, whereupon rectification was made. At all events, 
that is what a human architect would have done. After which the larva 
proceeded to close the rest of the leaf :—all this occupying three hours. 
Next day I accidentally broke off this case, and pinned it to another leaf. 
The following morning the wilted case had been deserted, and a fresh leaf 
was being closed up. A day later this last case fell of itself, but struck a 
lower leaf, and presently was bound to it by a few threads. ‘Vhree or four 
hours later my larva had climbed another stem of the plant, making a 





es 


”" 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. i 


journey of some twelve inches in length, and there it found and closed 
another leaf. ‘This made three cases by this one small larva. ‘The day 
after it took possession of the third case, I found it dead, with a cocoon 
by its side. It would seem as if a premonition of what was to happen 
impelled these parasitized larvee to make extraordinary preparations for 
their final resting places, and I have constantly observed that an unusual 
amount of spinning had been done, coating the inside of the case thickly, 
where dead larvee were found. ‘These cases are closed more carefully 
than others, so that on inspection it is difficult to find an aperture which 
would admit anything. I have seen no other parasite about Atalanta 
larve than the fly, Apateles gelechia, and a single cocoon of this, when 
found, has always rested by the side of a larva of second stage, and no 
other. | 

‘The question may be asked, when does the fly deposit the egg which 
leads to the destruction of the larva? It is not laid in the egg, for if it 
was no larva would emerge therefrom. Butterfly eggs are often stung by 
parasite flies so minute as to be scarcely discermble, and from the egg, a 
few days later, will issue several similar flies, each about .o2 inch long. I 
apprehend that our larva is stung by this fly just after it has come from the 
egg. and before it has made for itself a case, for except at this little interval 
of time, the leaf is closed. And when a hole is eaten in the side, the 
netting spoken of would apparently suffice to keep out this particular 
enemy. In the next stage there is no such close protection, and probably 
not much need of it, for I have not found an 4¢a/anta larva infested at any 
stage after the second. Accordingly, after the first stage there is nothing 
to screen the holes made in the case, the nerves being eaten as well as 
the substance of the leaf, and I have never been able to find a web, or 
threads extended across the opening. When the whole outer end of the 
case is devoured, as sometimes happens in second and third stages, there 
is nothing to prevent any enemy entering. 

The fly then stings the larva, most likely at the very beginning of the 
existence of the latter, deposits in the body a single egg, and from that 
there is hatched a grub which feeds on the fatty portion of the larval 
interior, avoiding any vital organ, till at the close of the second larval stage 
it has devoured nearly all but the mere shell, and is itself then full-grown, 
and eats its way out of the side of the dying larva. Presently this grub 
has encased itself in a cocoon of its own spinning, a white cylinder, .15 
inch long, and there it lies by the remains of the caterpillar, in the tomb 


18 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





she had spent so much labor upon, and which now serves to protect the 
cocoon, until, a few days later, a pretty, gauze-winged fly, not much over 
.I inch long, comes forth, ready to begin its career of destructiveness. 

This is one of Nature’s ways of keeping down butterfly caterpillars. 
But the parasites that aid in this work are themselves kept in check by a 
~ similar process. On one occasion I found quite a number of minute flies 
issuing from one of the Afa/anta parasite cocoons. They would have 
been unnoticed but that the cocoon was lying in a closed glass tube. A 
hole was discovered, as if made by a pin, and through this the flies had 
come. In this case the secondary parasite must have found its way into 
the apparently tight case of the caterpillar, and stung the grub of the 
Apateles just as the latter broke its way out, and while it was yet 
naked.* I found also a minute red spider inside one of the cases witha 
grub of the fly, and spiders do their part in keeping down parasites. 

But to return to our larve. One in 3rd stage ; thatis, after 2nd moult, 
very soon closed the large leaf it had been placed on, first biting the mid- 
rib. ‘This habit of severmg the mb obtains quite to the last stage, as is 
evident from inspection of the deserted cases met with in my searches. 
Another in same (or 3rd) stage rested for two days under the bit of leaf it 
was attached to when I pinned it to the plant, making no attempt at a 
case, but went outside the bit of leaf to feed. ‘The third day it moved up 
the stem and took possession of a leaf of the second pair, but instead of 
bringing the edges fully together in the usual way, did so but partially, 
and twisted the end of the leaf up and over till the case was completely 
closed. 

A larva in 4th stage, 7. ¢., after 3rd moult, began at once to draw the 
edges together, not having bitten the mid-rib. The case was closed at 11 
a.m. By 3 p.m., same day, this larva had constructed a new case, quite 
capacious and made of three leaves. Before deserting the first one, it had 
eaten fully half, from the outer end. Next day, it had bitten off the main 
stem of the plant, just above its case, and had eaten the top leaves. This 
larva finally, after its 4th moult, left the plant and pupated in the top of 
the guaze bag, which covered the plant and flower-pot. 

| brought in another larva, which had just passed its 3rd moult. After 
moving about and*examining several leaves, at 30 minutes from arrival, it 
had established itself between two of the second and third pair, which 








* Mr. Howard, of the Agricultural Dept., Washington, informs me that this little 
fly is of the genus Tetrastichus, the species probably undescribed. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 19 





happened to come near together, the upper one drooping. When I first 
noticed what was doing, the larva was busy in bringing the edges of the 
two leaves on one side together. An hour later it had brought both sides 
together, and soon after eat a large piece out of the lower leaf. Two days 
later, it had made another case, in this instance also finding and making 
use of two horizontal leaves. ‘To reach these leaves it had gone down one 
stem twelve inches and up the other as much. In this last case this larva 
passed 4th moult. Soon after, I took it out and laid it near the top of the 
stem, turning up three leaves and pinning the edges of the middle one to 
the other two, so leaving the upper side open. An hour later, the gap had 
been closed by bringing the edges of the two outer leaves in, and all the 
tips were drawn together. A fourth leaf had furnished a meal. Next 
day the case was spoiled, half eaten up, and the larva had escaped, there 
being no bag over the plant. But it was recovered and placed in a fresh 
plant, and soon made a commodious case by bringing three or four of the 
topmost leaves together. ‘Two days later, it had suspended for pupation 
from the apex of this case. This is the only instance in which I have 
known one of these larvz to pupate on the food-plant. 

Another day I brought in one which had passed its 4th (and last) 
moult. At night it was resting quietly on the stem of the plant, but in the 
morning was found shut in a roomy case, made by biting the stem near 
the top, so that it fell over, though it was not separated, and this, with two 
large leaves, were made into the case. Late that day the case had shriv- 
elled, and the occupant being forced to leave had got on the outside of it. 
But presently it had brought down another leaf and bound it lengthwise 
to the case and concealed itself thereunder. One day later pupation was 
found to have taken place at the top of the bag. The behaviour of this 
larva partly agrees with what Newman relates, so far as to the biting off 
the stem and making a large case, and had not this shrivelled, perhaps the 
pupa would have been formed within it. In my searches, | came on one 
full-grown larva concealed in exactly such a case as I have just described, 
and had to regret afterwards that I had not tied a bag over it, in order to 
see whether pupation occurred in the case or not. But, except in this one 
instance, | have never seen that sort of a case, nor have I ever found a 
chrysalis suspended to the food plant, in or out of a case. Surely I would 
have found chrysalids on the food plant if it was usual for the larvee to 
pupate where they fed! Dr. Harris must be right when he says that the 
larva ‘‘searches for a place in which to transform.” Very probably Mr. 


20 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Newman is right also when he says that in England pupation occurs in the 
cases, on the food-plant ; and the difference is caused by climate. 


I constantly came upon empty cases one-half and two-thirds eaten, and 
it is plain that the larva in its later stages may occupy and devour two or 
three per day. 

The summing up of these observations is this: the young larva, when 
on Boehmeria, conceals itself very soon after it has left the egg, by bring- 
ing the edges of its leaf together. It does not now go outside to feed, but 
eats of the substance of the leaf, rejecting the framework. Here it remains 
till after the first moult, and then migrates to a larger leaf and closes the 
edges of it, after biting nearly in two the midrib and cutting two holes~at 
base, to cause the leaf to droop and the sides to come together more 
easily. It feeds inside the case, at some distance from the tip end, and its 
resting place is near the base. Here the second moult passes, and that 
over, another move is made, rendered necessary by the case having been 
much eaten. After the third moult, and usually not before, the end of the 
case is devoured, beginning at the tip, and thenceforward there is no 
special protection to the larva against parasites or enemies. Finally, after 
having built, occupied, and half devoured several cases, the larva goes 
away trom the food plant to pupate. 

The one occupation of the larval life is to secure privacy, in the early 
stages, with a prevision of nasty flies and spiders. and in all stages, with 
a detestation of sunshine, daylight and bad weather; and to effect this 
they labor long and industriously. ‘Their cases once made, they may 
enjoy a rest, and lie curled up and asleep probably, except when impelled 
by hunger to arouse themselves. And they do not have to forage for a 
meal as most animals do, but may devour of the walls of the houses they 
live in. When there comes an end to this supply, they set forth to find 
suitable leaves, out of which they shall construct other houses, to be eaten 
in like manner. Even though they occupy these but an hour or. two, and 
they serve for but one hearty meal, they must be closed up as if a month’s 
residence was anticipated. 

We have no other butterfly in our fauna whose caterpillar has a habit 
quite like that of Atalanta; Paphia Zroglodyta Fab. ( Glycerium Edw. 
But.) would seem to come nearest to it. Some of the Graptas make shel- 
ters in the nature of sun-screens or umbrellas, as G. Comma and G 
Satyrus, not intended probably as a protection against enemies. 

(Printed February 14th, 1883.) 


a yo ae 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., FEBRUARY, 1883. No. 2 











DESCRIPTIONS OF A’ FEW LEAF-EATING COLEOPTEROUS 
LARV 4. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


The following larvee (with the exception of the one first described) 
have the usual Chrysome/?d form of which the well-known Colorado 
Potato Beetle may be taken as a type. In Chrysomela pallida, Say, the 
body is more elongate, approaching the Coccine//ide@ somewhat in form. 
With the exception of Zema collaris, Say, which forms a sort of cocoon 
among the leaves, they all enter the earth to pupate. A few of the fol- 
lowing larvee have been described by various authors, and are introduced 
here merely for comparison. 


CHRYSOMELA PALLIDA, Say. Body black, elongated, much wrinkled 
and roughened ; the sutures of the segments and the venter some- 
times tinged with brown; head and cervical shield polished black ; 
length 8 mm. Lives in communities on poplar. Several of these larve 
entered the earth to pupate June rst, and the beetles issued about June 
19th. (Determination of Dr. Horn.) 


CHRYSOMELA CLIVICOLLIS, ‘Kirby. Body pale, flesh-colored, on 
each side of the body is one row of 8 black dots; cervical 
shield dark brown ; head a little lighter than the body, marked on each 
side with two black dots ; length r1 mm. Lives on Asclepias. Several 
which I found on Asclepias Sullivantii July tgoth, entered the earth July 
23, and the beetles appeared about August 9 ; another specimen issued 
from the pupa July 25. Two were taken /w co/tu June 19 ; the male was 
the smallest and darkest, and had only one black spot at the tip of each 
elytron, while in the female this was divided into two spots. 


DORYPHORA I0-LINEATA, Say. Body dark pinkish or yellowish flesh ; 
on each side of the body are three rows of black dots, the upper row not 
extending upon segments two and three ; the dots in the lowest row are 


22 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


much smaller than those in the other rows ; cervical shield color of body, 
bordered behind with black ; head black ; length ro mm. 


DorypHora juNCTA, Germar. Body pale, yellowish flesh color; on each 
side of the body is one row of eleven black ots ; cervical shield dusky, 
broadly edged all around with black ; head pale; length 1o mm. 
Feeds on So/anum Carolinense. (From Riley in Amer. Ent. vol 1, p. 43-) 


CHRYSOMELA MULTIGULTIS, Stal. Body dull white ; a dark colored 
dorsal line on which is a row of brown spots ; on each side of the body 
are two rows of brown spots ; head yellowish brown, marked with a 
black spot on each side ; length 10 mm. Feeds on Hazel. Found 
several July 4th ; these were bred to the perfect state, but I neglected to 
note the date when the beetles issued. I have taken the beetles 7 covtu 
June 13th. (Determination of Mr. E. P. Austin.) 


CuRYSOMELA BicspyaNna, Kirby. Body white, tinged with yellow ; 
spiracles black with a white dot in the centre of each ; on each side of 
segments 2 and 3 is a curved black dash, the curve downwards ; cervical 
shield concolorous, marked with a blackish spot in the middle of each 
outer edge ; head yellowish brown, occelli black, in two clusters ; length 
1o mm. Feeds on Willow. Found two. August 13 ; these pupated 
shortly afterward, and the beetles issued Sept. 5th. (Determination of 
Dr. Horn.) 


CHRYSOMELA SIMILIS, Rogers. Body whitish, mottled with green and 
yellow ; spiracles brown or black ; head pale yellowish brown, ocelli 
black ; length 7 mm. Lives on Ambrosia artemisiaefolia and Bidens 
Jfrondosa. Found June 12, July 21, and August 22 ; those taken July 
21 pupated July 31, and the beetles issued August 5. I have seen the 
beetles 77 coitu July 22nd and August 2. (Determination of Mr. E. P. 
Austin.) 


LeMA COLLARIS, Say. Body pale yellowish white ; spiracles brown ; 
cervical shield brownish black, or marked with blackish ; head black, 
clypeus sometimes tinged with yellow ; length 5 mm. Lives on Thistle 
(Cirsium lanceolatum), and feeds mostly on the under side of the 
leaf, sometimes burrowing between the upper and lower cuticle, always 
leaving the former untouched. When fully grown they spin an_ irregular 
cocoon which somewhat resembles the frothy mass of a. spittle-insect, the 
outside being in small, irregular, oblong pieces, somewhat resembling 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 
small Microgaster cocoons. Several which I found on the 8th of July 
constructed their cocoons July 12th and the perfect insects issued about 
July 25. (Determination of Dr. Horn.) 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. z 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


(Continued from Vol. xy., Page 13.) 


CATOCALA COELEBS Gr. 


The fore wings are 4/ack with a grayish white subterminal shade. A 
strongly marked variety of Aadza with the fore wings drown, was mistaken 
for Coelebs by Mr. Strecker, and was the occasion of its reference to 
Badia. But a sight of many specimens leads me to believe that the true 
C. Coelebs, with black fore wings, grades into Badia, and is only to be 
regarded as a variety of it. But this could not have been predicated of 
the type. The two extremes are exceedingly distinct and different 
looking. 


EXENTERELLA Grote. 


I propose this generic term for Axventera Gr., preoccupied in Insecta. 
Now that we have Mr. Scudder’s work on genera, there will be more cer- 
tainty about generic names. I notice that Rhododipsa is not included in 
Mr. Scudder’s list. In speaking of the omissions in my review of it, I did 
not intend that any idea of purposed favoritism should be conveyed by my 
words. I merely regretted that some authors should have been so fully 
and others so sparingly represented. Had the proof of my paper been 
sent to me, I think I should have changed the wording to a simple expres- 
sion of this regret. 


HemMILEucA Walk. 

Since examining the species carefully, as far as they are accessible, the 
following modification of my arrangement in the ** New Check List,”  p. 
20, is proposed : 


24 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Genus HrEMILEUCA Walk. 
Type: Bombyx Maza Drury. 
§ Eucronia Pack. 
Maia Drury. 
Var. Nevadensis Stretch. 
Grotei Hopffer. 
Juno Pack. 
Diana Pack.—— 
S Euleucophacus Pack. , 





Yavapai Veum. 
‘Tricolor Pack. 
Sororius Hy. Eaw.—— 
Genus ARGYRAUGES Gr. 
Type: Euleuc. Neumoegent Hy. Edw. 
Neumoegeni Ay. Law. 


In the foregoing list the sign — indicates that I have not examined 
the species. 





ToRNOS EUPETHECIARIA, N. s. 

Male and female. Very small, light, whitish gray. Male antenne 
pectinate ; female simple. Faint discal mark on primaries, which have a 
subterminal shade line and traces of others, very faint. Secondaries whit- 
ish, marked on internal margin, with fine black terminal line and white 
fringe. Beneath whitish with faint discal mark on primaries. xfpanse, 
male, 17 mil.; female, 16 mil. The female is more gray and fainter 
marked. Arizona. 


TORNOS PYGMEOLARIA. 


Male and female. Blackish gray ; lines and dots almost imperceptible. | 
Hind wings fuscous with white fringes. Beneath pale with faint discal 
dots on both wings. The female has the disk of secondaries paler and 
the discal dots on both wings more evident. Arizona. xpanse, male 
18 mil., female 19 mil. 


These small Geometrids may be known from their inconspicuous mark- 
ings, and by the pectinate male antenne may be separated from small 
Eupethecia, which they resemble. I have taken Zornos in Alabama ; the 
abdomen is curled up over the thorax in repose. TZ: #scaria, female, 
expands 30 mil., and another female 28 mil.; the male 26 mil. Several 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 25 


specimens of 7° /nterruptaria, female, expand from 26 to 30 mil. 7. 
Ochrofuscaria, female, expands 25 mil. Besides these, a number of speci- 
mens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection seem intermediate between 7) Hscaria 
and 7: Pyymeolarta, but I hesitate at present to describe them. 


TETRACIS VIDULARIA, Grote. 


Two female specimens in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection are more brown 
speckled about apical region and smaller than the two typical female indi- 
viduals. The male has not yet appeared in collections. ‘This is congen- 
eric with Coloradaria. 


THAMNONOMA PERPALLIDARIA Grote. 


A second male from Arizona is of a more reddish, deeper color than 
my type from New Mexico. ‘The species may be known by the feathered 
antennz and the two ochre brown straight lines on primaries arising from 
blackish costal dots and the fragmentary s. t. line, inclining inwards. 


AZENIA EDENTATA, D. S. 


Male. The infra-clypeal plate prominent. Above it a broad, frontal, 
projected plate, the outer edge of which is roundedly scalloped instead of 
forming three sharp teeth as in 4. Jimplora. As my type of Jmplora isa 
female, | thought at first I had to do with a secondary sexual character 
which on other grounds seems improbable. The thick labial palpi lie 
obliquely along the face, hardly exceeding the clypeal projection. Fore 


wings dark yellow. There seems to be no marks but a small costal dot ; 
fringe concolorous. Hind wings fuscous. Beneath yellowish ; fore wings 
shaded and with a fuscous subterminal band. ‘Thorax and head dark 


yellow ; abdomen pale. Size small like its congener. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. ; 

ONCOCNEMIS PERNOTATA, 0. s. 

Allied to Saundersitana,; base of primaries washed with light gray ;: 
t. a. line double, even, dark brown, slightly curved. Orbicular and reni_ 
form subequal, completely defined, gray, with central mark ; claviform 
solid, black. TT. p. line double, a little uneven, running inwardly and 
nearing t. a. line on internal margin. _ S. t. line wanting. Veins marked 
with black terminally. Median and subterminal fields washed with light 
gray ; terminally the wing is brownish. Collar light yellowish gray ; head 
darker. Fore tibia armed with a claw. Eyes naked. Hind wings with 


26 ~ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 





broad diffuse blackish border and white interlined fringe. Beneath slightly 
yellowish with broad borders to both wings. A dot and fragmentary inner 
mesial line on hind wings. ‘Thorax gray; abdomen yellowish gray. 
Anizona. Coll. Bb. Neumoegen, Esq. Distantly resembles the European 
Campicola; very distinct from any species described by me. 

AGROTIS CITRICOLOR, Grote. 

Agrees with types of Cetricolor, but the markings are distin t; the 
colors are pale yellow, somewhat ochrey on the thorax, and the terminal 
space is fuscous, the fringes a little reddish or brownish. Median lines 
faint, pale fuscous, the t. a. single, very faint, the t. p. apparently single, 
denticulate. Orbicular hardly noticeable ; reniform moderate, pale black- 
ish or fuscous ; s. t. line pale ; terminal space narrow, blackish or fuscous ; 
fringes whitish or tinged with brownish. Hind wings pure white. Beneath 
white ; coste yellowish; faint traces of spots and lines. Oak Creek 
Canon, Colorado ; Coll. J. Doll. In Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

Is apparently not different from C?trzco/or, but the terminal space is 
not ‘“ brownish,” but fuscous, without any warm tint, and the lines are dis- 
tinct. The species is somewhat variable, I take it, in the amount of mark- 
ings expressed, and there is no room for the erection of a second yellow 
Agrotis at the expense of C7tricolor. It has a frontal tubercle and I 
refer the moth to Carneades, it being congeneric with C. moerens. 

AGrotis Muscosa, n. s. 

Female. Form rather stout. Fore wings of an even smooth gray with 
an ochre tinge. Markings obsolete. Median shade distinct ochre brown- 
ish. Stigmata concolorous ; reniform with a blackish inferior stain. Lines 
double, marked on costa by small black dots. Abdomen whitish, marked 
with ochre-brown at tip. Collar and thorax tinged with ochre-brown. 
This species must not be confounded with any of the forms of Aux7/zaris, 
which it approaches somewhat sit is not so large, and appears stouter, with 
a resemblance to the Zwbricans group. Oak Creek Canon, Colorado, J. 
Doll legit. In Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 

PLusia EGENA Guen. 

This species must be added to our fauna. Mr. Neumoegen and Mr. 
Hy. Edwards have received it from Indian River, Florida. Gueneé 
describes it from Brazil. Our specimens are hardly ‘“ d’un carné rosé,” so 
far as the ground color is concerned, but pale rosy brown. Some of our 
Plusias are widely distributed ; according to Berg P. Ar/oba is found also 
in Chih. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


‘TETRACIS SIMPLICIARIA, DN. S. 


Size rather small for this genus. Fore wings pale reddish ochrey, 
entirely evenly colored, crossed by two median pale yellow lines, inner a 
little curved, outer slightly bent. | Costal edge yellow with faint speckles. 
No darker marginal line. A minute discal dot. Hind wings whitish with 
a broad vague outer yellowish shading, fringes paler; no marginal line or 
any marks on internal margin. Male antenne slightly pectinate. Thorax 
like fore wings; these latter beneath reflect markings of upper surface. 
Apices pointed, below them the margin is incurved to vein 4, where the 
external angle is well produced. xfanse 30-31 mil. Arizona, J. Doll. 
New Mexico, Prof. Snow. 


CHESIAS FRONDARIA Grote. 


Too late to make the correction in print, I found that this was our first 
discovered species belonging to this genus ;. our species is larger and its 
resemblance to the European did not strike me. The genus is not found 
either in California or the East. The fauna of Arizona and New Mexico 
contains representatives of European genera not found elsewhere. Dr. 
Packark’s Chesias Occidentaliata was wrongly determined generically, 
and the moth proves to be Hupethecta Subapicata of Gueneé. 


FIDONIA ALTERNARIA, N. S. 


f. Orange brown above; the primaries crossed by three fuscous 
bands ; the inner continuous over the cell at about middle of wing ; the 
two outer broader, brought into relief on costa by the whitish yellow 
ground color which there obtains between them. Hind wings with a very 
indistinct basal line continuous with inner line of primaries ; a narrow line 
continuous with second line ; a broad band continuous with third line and 
a marginal series of brown marks. | Beneath fore wings orange with the 
three bands distinctly repeated ; margin brown ; ante-marginal space and 
costal region at apex white. | Hind wings white with three broad brown 
bands and terminal brown marks ; the ground color distinctly and almost 
equally broadly obtains between the bands. F#xpanse 22 mil. New 
Mexico. No. 1,024. 


This is alhed to Sta/achtaria, but differs by the equal alternating white 
and brown bands of under surface of secondaries, the continuous line of 
fore wings above over middle of wing and the less deeply marked and 
more separate outer bands, 


kb ") 
oO 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


FERALIA Jocosa Guen. 


2. Notuntil now have I seen the female. ‘he narrowed, naked, 
lashed, compound eyes distinguish this from JZomophana Comstocki. It 
is not possible to consider JZomophana and Feralia identical. The larger 
eyes, smoother vestiture, less retracted head and broader clypeus suffici- 
ently distinguish A7omophana. As to Comstocki, 1 was wrong to suggest 
that Gueneé’s var. of /Jocosa was probably Comstock?. 1 did not know 
- then the variability of Jocosa. I have sufficiently explained that Diphthera 
is a Hubnerian name proposed originally in the same sense as JZoma has 
been used. I have restricted A/oma to AZ. Astur Hubn. Verz., and 
restored its original signifieance to Diphthera, where it embraces D. 
Fallax H.-S. 

Antenne simple. Beneath tinted with green. Hind wings with 
mesial black lines including a black lunate discal spot.; a subterminal 
blackish shade on costal region. ‘The rough vestiture, sunken head, short 
palpi distinguish Feralia. 

A specimen from Mrs. Fernald, defective and faded, leads me to sus- 
pect a second species. 47. Comstocki seems very rare, and I cannot again 
go over the characters from fresh specimens ; but the genus is valid unless 
we consider it as a group of Dip/fthera (in sensu mihi), which I am not 
as yet prepared to do. 


MAMESTRA SPICULOSA, N. S. 

Alhed to Cénnabarina and Herbimacula. Fore wings light brown, 
with the median vein, the t. p. line and stigmata finely marked in white. 
Cell shaded with black ; a black spot below median vein on median space. 
A pale greenish shade on internal margin subterminally ; outer edge dark, 
cut by the fine pale irregular s. t. line. ‘T. p. line angulate opposite cell. 
Orbicular oblique, small, a white ring with dark centre ; reniform very nar- 
row, upright. Hind wings white. Body brown. ‘Two specimens. x- 
panse 25 mil. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


HOMOHADENA INCONSTANS, 0. S. 

f @. An obscure fuscous gray species with naked, lashed eyes ; third 
palpal joint small; female ovipositor visible. Size and appearance of 
Induta, but with the look of an Avgrotzs belonging to the .S7/ews or Lagena 
group. ‘Transverse lines all lost; stigmata wanting. In the female the 
veins are marked with black, the median vein most decidedly so. In the 
male there are no marks. The head is smoky and the collar paler, Hind 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 29 


wings fuscous, paler at base and paler in the male; the veins soiled. 
Beneath pale and without markings ; there is a faint indication of a com- 
mon line which appears dotted on hind wings of male. Arizona. Three 
specimens. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. 


HOMOHADENA VULNEREA, D. S. 

2. Eyes naked, lashed. ‘Tibiz unarmed. Fore wings light brown. 
T. a. line obsolete ; t. p. line black, single, well removed outwardly ; three 
black median costal dots. A black dash at base below median vein. 
Stigmata very small, inconspicuous, pale; a black dash on cell on each 
side of the orbicular. Veins finely black at extremity, else tending to be 
pale. Fringes checkered. Thorax like fore wings. Hind wings pure 
white. Beneath with only a common dotted exterior line. Arizona. Coll. 
B. Neumoegen, Esq. Two specimens. 

This species is very simply marked. The eyes are plainly lashed, but 
in the type of the genus, 7 badistriga, after renewed examination, I am 
not certain that they are, though I incline to regard them lashed. ' 


MAMESTRA FERREALIS, Ni. S. 

Allied to Wamestra Cinnabarina, var. Ferrea, but larger. Bnght 
brown. Orbicular circular, bright brown, with central dot. Reniform 
upright, very slightly medially constricted, with a central line hooked into 
two dots. TT. p. line double, black, with white included shade. Subter 
minal space washed with whitish, leaving a brown patch at costa. Terminal 
space narrow, brown at apex, afterwards blackish. Subterminal line whit- 
ish, preceded by a narrow brown shading. A blackish shade between the 
stigmata on cell. A blackish shade on costa over sub-basal space. Basal 
half-line white. A broad shade submedially across median space, deepen- 
ing before t. p. line, where it is cut by the brown median shade. Hind 
wings fuscous, with extra-mesial line. Beneath primaries purply brown 
with a black costal shade outside of the common extra-mesial line. Thorax 
rather pale, collar and tegulz with black lines. Abdomen tufted, reddish 
fuscous, somewhat brighter beneath. Montana. Mr. H. K. Morrison. 


Expanse of Noctuide. 
- The following measurements have been omitted in my late descriptions: 
Fota armata, 32 wil. 
minorata, 24 mil. 
Fotella notalis, 28 mil. 
Oxycnemis advena, 21 il, 


30 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


HEPIALUS FURCATUS. 

Dark sable brown. A broad submarginal band furcate below apices 
and continued irregularly along internal margin, paler than the rest of the 
wing, variable in width, edged with dark. almost black scales, and with a 
blackish marginal submedian shade spot. ‘Two or three pale marks on 
costa within the short inner branch of the band, which is not interrupted, 
and, the fringes of secondaries being checkered, divides this form from 
Dr. Packard’s Labradoriensis, unknown to me. Fringe of both wings 
checkered with pale. Hind wings uniform pale sable brown with two 
marks on costa, which may indicate transverse bands. Body dark sable 
brown. Size of H. Gracz/is, but much darker. Four specimens agree 
very nearly. On primaries, the external margin and the middle of the 
wing are more distinctly warm brown, and on the disc are traces of an 
incomplete inner transverse band. One specimen (a § ?) is a little larger 
with the subterminal band very wide. Beneath the subterminal band is 
partly reflected. Mr. Hill. Adirondacks. 


MEGACHYTA INCONSPICUALIS, 0D. S. 

A little smaller than Deceptrica/?s and darker. Fuscous gray shaded 
outwardly with blackish. Inner line single, uneven, arising from a hardly 
accentuated black costal mark. Outer line denticulate, merely rather 
gradually widening to costa. S. t. line upright, pale, very fine; a discal 
dot. | Hind wings like primaries with two extra mesial pale-shaded lines, 
the inner indistinct, the outer with the following pale shade more apparent 
- at anal angle, as in its ally. This species is smaller and darker than 
Deceptricalis, with the median lines hardly accentuated on costa, especially 
is this latter character true of the inner line, which is more irregular. Two 
specimens. Mr. Hill. Adirondacks. 


ARSILONCHE HENRICI. 

| have again examined four specimens of A/bovenosa. We have the 
species united by Mr. Morrison solely on Dr, Staudinger’s authority, and 
that Dr. Staudinger is not difficult in such matters is shown by his refer- 
ence of our Grapte as varieties of the European species. The dark 
shades are darker and look quite different in 4/bovenosa. I never saw any 
Henrici (and I have seen I should think a hundred) look like them. 
Henrici 1 took three or four of on Staten Island in 1881, and again two 
this year at light. Also one Aédsidum, which seems to me cannot be a 
mere variety. It differs less than many varieties, but it has more char- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 31 


acters. It is not unlikely then that Mr. Smith’s Canadian correspondents, 
whose mistakes he has drawn attention to in the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 
are really more correct in calling the species Henrie, but the genus Ad/e- 
okorna must be withdrawn. I have found that my Canadian correspond- 
ents were always careful and well-informed, and I must say that, so far as 
the Voctuid@ are concerned, that there is more accurate knowledge gener- 
ally distributed than in any of the other of the larger groups of moths. 


SALIA RUFA, 0. s. 

Primaries brownish gray crossed by three oblique, yellowish, narrow 
lines. Inner line with a costal projection. The first discal dot is close to 
it. The middle line is a little waved and followed by a diffuse black shad- 
ing, which obscures the outer discal dot. The outer line is a little bent at 
the middle and loses itself to apex. The subterminal field which follows 
is suffused with reddish brown and limited by a very fine irregular line ; 
terminally the wing is again brownish gray and shows a faint festooned 
line ; fringes paler, a little brownish. Hind wings fuscous gray with brown- 
ish fringes, beneath with black discal dot and outer line, the surface paler, 
irrorate. Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Axpanse 22 mil. 

Differs in color from our Eastern .S. Zuterpuncta Grote, but of about 
the same size. dZadopa, signifying *‘ bald face,” and not appropriate, is 
younger than Hiibner’s names, as stated by Zeller; and Sadza is the oldest. 

Twenty-five years ago, in my sixteenth year, | commenced the serious 
study of our nocturnal Lepidoptera. At that time probably not more than 
fifty kinds were named in any of our public or private collections. Now, 
of the one family Woctuéde, alone, we have over sixteen hundred species 
recorded in our books. To my early letters requesting information for 
myself, I received no satisfactory replies; instead, boxes of specimens 
were sent to me to name. Iam happy that some of my first correspond- 
ents still consult me, and that friendly relations exist between myself and 
almost all the students who have asked for my services. 





NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF XYLOTRECHUS 
ANNOSUS, Say. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT. 
In the month of April, 1880, I cut down a willow tree and cut it up 
into “ sled-lengths,” when no traces of borers could be seen. Early in 
March of the following year, while cutting this wood for the stove, I 


32 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


found it to be infested with the larvee of some species of longicorn beetle ; 
I placed some of the sticks in one of my breeding cages where it remained 
undisturbed until the 7th of May following, when I found that nearly all 
the larvae had assumed the pupa form. The next examination was made 
two weeks later, when nothing but perfect beetles were found. From this 
it would seem that this species requires only one year to complete its 
transformations. 


I am indebted to Dr. Horn for determining the above species. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF DIURNAL LEPIDOP=: 
TERA, FOUND IN BRITISH AMERICA AND THE 
UNITED STATES, 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


ARGYNNIS BUTLERI. 

Allied to 4. Chariclea. 

Male.— Expands 1.4 inch. 

Upper side dark fulvous, the base of primaries largely black, of second- 
aries still more, the black area extending to middle of disk, effacing all 
markings ; the spots of both wings outside the basal area as in Chariclea, 
but the narrow spots on primaries are unusually large, with ragged edges, 
and the mesial band is heavy and diffused; on secondaries this band is 
lost in the black ground. 

Under side of primaries nearly as in CZariclea, but there is scarcely any 
yellow at apex or along hind margin, all this area being deep red; a few 
yellow scales only at apex and in middle of the marginal interspaces, to 
represent the spots and patches of C/ariclea; the submarginal lunules 





almost lost in the red ground. | 

Secondaries deep red, there being no yellow on the extra-discal area ; 
the submarginal lunules and the rounded spots lost in the red ground or 
very obscurely indicated ; the light band which limits the basal area is of 
same shape as in Charic/ea, but is nearly covered with red, the long tri- 
angle at end of cell, and the rhomboid on costa, alone being white ; from 
this band to base the color is intense red, with a few white scales in the 
interspaces at base; the macular silvery line around hind margin as in 
Chariclea. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 33 


Female.—Expands 1.5 ich. 

Similar to the male, the basal areas black, but the spots still more 
diffused. 

Under side as in the male, but there is a little more yellow at apex, and 
in the interspaces along hind margin are streaks of yellow. Secondaries 
intense red from base nearly to the rounded spots, and the edge there is 
fringed with clear white scales next costa, and white mixed with bluish or 
slate-colored on posterior half; these dark scales edge the nervules nearly 
to margin ; the extra-discal area is same red, but over a yellow ground, the 
yellow no where distinctly appearing ; the round spots and the submar- 
ginal lunules same red as the base ; the silvery line as in male. 

From i g taken at Cape Thompson, North-west America, July 19, 
1881, andr @ taken at Kotzebue Sound, July 14th, 1881, by Mr. E. W. 
Nelson, of the U. S. Signal Service. 

These examples differmg markedly from any Argynnis in my collec- 
tion, I sent the male to Mr. A. G. Butler for determination. Mr. Butler 
replied: “It differs from Cariclea in the redder coloration, and much 
heavier markings on the upper surface ; the basal area is blacker, the spots 
and stripes much thicker. Below, the markings are altogether darker than 
in Chariclea of Europe. Your example agrees perfectly with a specimen 
(in Br. Mus. Col.), labelled Nova Zembla, and with two of the Grinnell 
Land series, included under Mr. McLachlan’s varieties of Chariclea. It 
is in my opinion worthy of a distinct name.” 

I take pleasure in naming the species after Mr. Butler. 


ARGYNNIS EURYNOME Edw. 

Var. ERINNA. 

Upper side in both sexes like the type form; on under side secondaries 
much covered with dark ferruginous, and sometimes even the belt between 
the outer rows of silver spots is more or less densely covered with same. 
In one ¢, except for a paler shade in the interspaces (but still ferrugin- 
ous) on the area of this belt, the entire wing would be solid ferruginous, 
very little mottled with yellow buff on basal part of the disk. One male 
is nearly as dark. Others, of both sexes, are more or less mottled with 
yellow buff, and the belt is of that color, clear. ‘There is an absence of 
green (olive) in all examples under view. If it were not that among 
these are some exactly like examples from Colorado, without green, I 
should consider the present as a distinct species. I have 12 f,4 9 from 


34 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Spokane Falls, W. T., sent me by Rev. W. J. Holland, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 
and 1 @ taken in Colorado by Mr. Mead in 1871. Also I have a female 
nearer the Colorado type of Lurynome, by Mr. Morrison, at Mt. Hood, 
Oregon. ‘This is very small, dull fulvous above; the belt spoken of dark 
yellow buff, the disk to base pale ferruginous, mottled with dull green. 
Two females from Big Horn, Mont., agree with this, but are large as the 


usual Colorado form. 


PAMPHILA CARUS. 

Male.—Expands 1.1 inch. 

Upper side light brown, with a slight tint of yellow; primaries have 
two minute yellow white sub-apical spots on costa, two others directly 
below these in the two upper median interspaces, and an obscure spot at 
outer end of cell; the stigma a straight, slender black bar, extending from 
upper median nervule to sub-median. Secondaries have, on the disk, in 
line parallel to hind margin, a curved row of- obscure and minute yellow- 
white spots on the upper half the wing; fringes dull white. 

Under side of both wings brown ; the costal margin of primaries and 
inner margins of both wings, dusted with yellow-white ; so also the hind 
margins for a narrow space; all nervures and branches yellowish ; pri- 
maries have the spots of upper side repeated, enlarged; there are now 
three costal spots, two at end of cell, two in median interspaces, and one 
in cell; on secondaries the row is distinct, all the spots enlarged, the line 
curving round outer angle ; a large spot in cell. 

Female.—Expands from 1.1 to 1.25 inch. 

The upper side marked by an oblique row of white spots extending 
from upper discoidal nervule to inner margin; three costo sub-apical 
spots ; one at end of cell; the spots on secondaries distinct. 

From 1 male and 2 females received some years ago from the late — 
Jacob Boll, and taken by him in West Texas. The species stands near 
Rhesus Edw., resembling it in size, general color of upper side and white 
fringes. But the male A/esws has no stigma, the fringes are purer white, 
and there is considerable difference beneath, ‘The presence of a stigma 
however 1s enough to enable one to distinguish Carws at sight. 


PAMPHILA M1Lo. 

Male.—Expands 1.2 inch. 

Upper side bnght red-fulvous, the hind margins of primaries pale 
brown nearly to cell; the stigma a black narrow ridge, nearly straight, bent 


THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Pa tal) 


down a little towards outer end, edged on both sides by black scales : on 
costal margin three small translucent spots, and two next stigma on the 
two median interspaces ; no black spot or patch beyond stigma towards 
apex. Secondaries have a narrow and darker brown margin, and all the 
disk and basal region is bright fulvous. | 

Under side of primaries pale ferruginous; the translucent spots 
repeated, not enlarged ; a black mark indicating the outer end of stigma, 
and black next base. Secondaries paler ferruginous, the disk a shade 
lighter than the margin. 

From 1 male, from Mt. Hood, Oregon. Near Agricoda Bd.; same 
size; the fore wing less produced ; stigma same shape, but there is no 
dark patch beyond it; the translucent spots are not found in Agricola ; 
below paler colored, and no black at inner margin of primaries. 


PapPHIA MORRISONI. ~ 

Male.—Expands 2.7 inches. 

Primaries scarcely at all produced, the hind margin but little concave. 

Upper side bright red, with no spots or marks, except that the arc of 
cell on primaries is narrowly edged on both sides by brown scales ; apex 
and the edge only of hind margin dusted lightly with black. Secondaries 
have the costal margin whitish or hoary; the hind margin dusted with 
black and very scantily for about two tenths inch inward, scarcely obscur- 
ing the red ground; mixed with the black on the marginal edge, especially 
between the tail and inner angle, are dull gray scales; near the margin, a 
complete series of yellow points. one on each interspace; tail short, 
spatulate. 

Under side gray-white, dusted thickly and quite evenly with pale black, 
though rather less on the marginal areas ; the inner half of primaries red- 
tinted; primaries have no bands or spots; secondaries have a narrow 
nebulous stripe across the disk limiting the slightly darker area to base. 

Body reddish above, thorax light gray-brown beneath, abdomen yellow- 
white ; legs yellowish ; palpi yellowish, with brown hairs at and near tip ; 
antennze brown, imperfectly annulated with gray; club black, tip ferru- 
ginous. 

Female.— Expands 2.3 to 2.75 inches. 

Primaries more produced, the apex ending in a sharp point. 

Upper side dark red; costal margin of primaries narrowly edged with 
brown ; apex of same wing and hind margins of both wings bordered with 


36 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


pale black, more narrowly than in /?. 7rog/odyta,; preceding this is a 
band, sometimes of a paler red than the ground, sometimes of same shade, 
and only imperfectly indicated by the brown indistinctly defined line which 
limits its basal side ; this bandis shaped much as in Z7og/odyta, but comes 
considerably nearer to hind margin, thereby restricting the width of the 
dark border, and also of the dark apical area, and is less incurved on the 
median interspaces; on the arc of cell a narrow black crescent; on 
the outer half of secondaries is an obscure continuation of this band, 
which passes imperceptibly into the ground color; the yellow points are 
continued across both wings. Under side same shade as in the male, the 
basal and discal areas on primaries darker than the marginal. 


From one male, from Western Texas, in the collection of Mr. B. Neu- 
moegen, and 3 females, taken by Mr. Morrison, on Mt. Graham, Arizona. 
The male is brighter red than Zroglodyta Fab. (Glycerium Edw., not 
Doubleday, Andria Scud.); the wings of purer color, with scarcely any 
black margins. In the example under view, the discal spot is brown and 
obscure, instead of black. The female has a marginal border not half the 
width of that of Zog/odyta, and the obscure band, not always paler than 
or differmg from the ground, follows more closely the margin. 
Both sexes have yellow dots in the interspaces near the margins on hind 
wings, and the female on fore wings also. The under side is gray-white, 
instead of a greasy gray-brown, and there is almost an entire absence 
of markings. I sent one of these females to Mr. A. G. Butler, together 
with one of the Illinois and Western species. Mr. Butler replied that there 
was nothing in the Museum collection like this Arizona example, nor did 
he know of anything of the kind having been described. I name it for 
Mr. Morrison, whose arduous labors have so greatly enriched the 
American collections. 


With regard to the Illinois species, Mr. Butler pronounces it Z7vog/o- 
dyta Fab., a conclusion to which | had myself come, after an examination 
of Cramer’s figure of Astéax, last fall in Philadelphia, at the Academy. 
It seemed to me that the figures of Cramer were unmistakable. The 
synonymy of the species then is: 


P. TRocLopvta Fab., Syst. Ent., 502, 1775. 
Astinax-Cramet, 1v.,; 337, 1 A. B.,° 17382. 
Glycerium Edw. (not Doubl.), But. N. A., Vol. 1. 
Andria Scud., Bull. Buff. Soc., 11, 248, 1875. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 





ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES FOR 1882. 
BY PROF. E. W. CLAYPOLE. 


My removal from Yellow Springs, Ohio, to New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania, 
has had the effect of breaking off the line of my entomological work, or at 
least throwing it into a rather different channel. Among the first results is 
a notice of the striking difference between the two places in regard to 
insect depredations. In my experience last year a great part of the time 
was occupied with fighting insects. The cherry weevil, the potato worm 
and beetle and the apple worm were the ringleaders ; but after them came 
the blister beetles, the turnip flea, the corn worm, the squash bug, e¢ ma/ta 
alea. Here, at least during the present, or rather past season, the ravages 
of all these have been quite insignificant. Foremost stands the potato 
beetle. As soon as the young plants came up I followed my usual plan 
of picking them off and dropping them into a tin having a few spoonfuls 
of coal oil at the bottom. By this means they cause no trouble in crawl- 
ing out again. Though the season was rainy, and therefore the opposite 
of the last, yet I found two applications of the poison dust (1 part of 
London purple and 60 parts of wood ashes) quite sufficient to keep the 
plants free from the young grubs. I am inclined, however, to recommend 
the use of plaster instead of ashes in a wet season. It seems to adhere 
better to the leaves when rain falls on them. 

To my surprise there was here no second brood of the beetles this 
year. A few belated individuals appeared, but nothing that deserved the 
name of a brood. Of course the earliest potatoes were ripe before the 
usual second emergence, but the late ones grew and were green almost till 
frost came, but were perfectly uninjured after the beginning of July. I 
cannot learn if this is usual, for I can find no one who has been sufficiently 
observant, or who is sufficiently acquainted with the habits of insects in 
general, and with those of Doryphora ro-lineata in particular, to tell me. 
They come, they are here, they go, but when, why and how they come 
and go is a matter which no one here seems to have considered. Another 
year I shall try and make more general observations on this point. 

Not only is the potato beetle less mischievous here than it was in Ohio, 
but all the others named follew suit. The apples are much less infested 
with worms ; blister beetles I have scarcely noticed ; corn worms are quite 
innocuous, and as for the cherry weevil, though the crop this year was not 
heavy for all kinds of cherries, and the fruit should, therefore, be at-its 


38 » THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ee 
worst, I have not seen a score of themall throughthe summer. | noticed 
one or two on my own trees showing the crescent cut, but no more. It 
was almost as safe to eat the fruit unexamined, as it is in England. 

By the way, I never hear any apprehension expressed concerning the 
migration of Conotrachelus nenuphar across the Atlantic. Though fruit 
is less abundant. there than here, yet the introduction of this pest would be 
a very serious drawback to the enjoyment of plums, peaches and cherries, 
not to mention the loss caused by its attacks on the apple. : 

On the other hand, if these insects are less injurious in Pennsylvania 
than in Ohio, the imported currdnt worm is more so, and the growth of 
currants is greatly limited by its ravages. Very few persons seem to 
know what can be done by the use of poison to rescue the bushes and the 
currants. Great, but totally unfounded prejudice also exists against the 
use of poison, even on potatoes ; many people seeming to fear lest the 
potato should absorb sufficient arsenic to render its use as a table vege- 
table dangerous. It is needless to say that all such ground of alarm has 
long been set at rest in the minds of those who have followed the progress of 
economic entomology. But prejudice is blind to reason and slow to die away. 

In addition to this the various web-worms on the forest trees are vastly 
more numerous here than they were at Yellow Springs. In earliest spring 
and before the leaves are generally out, the American Lackey Moth (C. 
Americana) takes possession of the cherry trees and coyers the young 
foliage with its net. Soon afterwards the Forest Lackey (C. sylvatica) 
follows on the same tree, but more frequently on the apple, and later still the 
walnuts are attacked by the Fall web worm ( /7. textor), whose nests remain- 
ing on the trees after the fall of the leaf, disfigure them through the winter. 

This year, also, the oak caterpillar (D. sexatorza) has wrought great 
ravages in the forest. I have seen hillsides that looked as if fire had 
passed over them in consequence of the destruction of the fohage by 
millions of this species. In the woods they could be found crawling over 
almost every square foot of ground and lying dead by dozens in every 
pool of water. The sound of their fallmg frass, too, was hke a slight 
shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have never known them so abun- 
dant before within their recollection. Harris says this species lives on the 
White and Red Oaks (Q. a/ba and rubra) in Massachusetts. Here the 
White Oaks were untouched, and the Red Oak is not abundant. The 
food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the Black Oak 
(Q. tinctoria), the Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea), and the Bear or Scrub Oak 


(Q. eicifolia.) 


ye 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 39 





CORRESPONDENCE. 





DIPPEROUS ENEMIES OF THE PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX. 
To the Editox - Will you permit me to refer briefly to the Rev. ‘T. W. 
Fyles’s description of D7p/osis grassator, on p. 238, vol. xiv. [I am 
credited with the reference of the insect to the genus D7f/oszs, though in 
reality | have never seen Mr. Fyles’s insect, whether in the larva, pupa or 
imago state. [| simply expressed the opinion at Montreal, both to your- 
self, Mr. Editor, and to Mr. Fyles, that the insect would prove to be a 
Diplosis, from the general account of the larva then and there given to 
me. It is rather unjust to quote another’s mere opinion given in this 
manner, when, by submitting specimens for examination, a definite and 
more authoritative decision could have been obtained.* In this case the 
reference seems to be correct, a fact which, under the circumstances, is a 
mere accident. 

I need hardly say that there is nothing in the description that is not of 
so general a nature as to be at most generic, so that we have no evidence 
whatever as to whether the species is new or by what characters it is to be 
distinguished from the hitherto described species of the genus. 

But my object in writing is to point out the fact that there are two 
different orange-colored Dipterous larve that attack the gall-inhabiting 
form of Phylloxera vastatrix in all its stages of growth, and particularly 
in the egg state. Neither of them is parasitic, strictly speaking, but 
merely predaceous, not only on Phyl/oxera vastatrix, but on other gall- 
making Phylloxerians and Pemphigians. First, we have the pale-orange 
or salmon-colored Diplosis larva referred to by Mr. Fyles, with the usual 
breast-bone of the Cecidomyidz, and with the pupa showing the antennal 
processes at the anterior end. Second, a deeper orange larva contracting 
to a brown pupa with two oblique processes from the anal end, and pro- 
ducing a fly of a totally different family (Agromyzidz) belonging to the 
genus Leucopis. ‘This is by far the most efficient of the two enemies, and 
the larvee have undoubtedly been at times confounded, as witness the dif- 
ferences between Walsh and Shimer (Practical Entomologist, \i., p. 19). 
The Leucopis, so far as I have investigated the matter, is undescribed and 
is referred to in my manuscript notes as Z. phylloxere. 

C. V. Ritey, Washington, D. C. 
* The Editor is solely responsible for this reference to Prof. Riley ; Mr. Fyles knew nothing of it 
until he saw it in print. The opinion given in Montreal as to rag generic position of this insect was so 


unhesitating and positive in its character that we thought it not oMly safe but due to Prof, Riley to credit 
him with the determination. 





40 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Ottawa, Dec. 14, 1882. 

My Dear Six: In the last ENroMoLoGcisr, at page 198, Mr. Fyles 
contributed a note on a gall mite of the Nettle tree. The insect referred 
to is undoubtedly Prof. Riley’s Psyl/a ce/tidis-maimima, of which I exhibited 
the galls and pupez at the last Annual Meeting of the Society, and of 
which I have already sent you an account in a paper on ‘“ The Cicadee 
and their Allies,” for the Annual Report. I notice that Mr. Fyles found 
his galls to be monothalamous, and this'agrees with Prof. Riley’s descrip- 
tion. I have found, however, in examining a large number of specimens, 
that many contained 2, 3, and in one case even 4 pup. ‘The occurrence 
of Celtis occidentalis at Cowansville is very interesting from a botanical 
point of view. In this locality it is very uncommon, although from its 
resemblance to the Elm, it has probably been frequently overlooked. It 
grows to the size of a small tree from 30 to 4o feet in height, with a 
diameter of from 12 to r8 inches. In Western Canada I believe it is a 
common tree. and [I should be glad-to learn whether it is there attacked 
by this Psylla to the same extent it is here. In some of the galls I 
examined I found the larve of apparently two different species of parasitic 
Hymenoptera. J. FLercHer, Ottawa, Ont. 

Editor Can. Ent.—Dear Sir: 1 am sure your readers were pleased 
at your printing the pretty lines on a winter butterfly, which Mr. Fletcher 
took the trouble to send. (See p. 219, vol. xiv.) 1 remember very many 
years ago, in January. finding a hibernating Vanessa Antiopa m the 
garret of our Staten Island farm house. It hung from a rafter and seemed 
almost dead. I placed it on a brick flue, which was hardly warm, but it 
did not revive at the time. Some few days after, the weather having 
become milder, | searched for it and found it where I had laid it, still on 
its side, with the legs drawn in. But on touching it, the wings suddenly 
unclosed, the insect took to flight. and, the window being open, it escaped 
into the winter sunshine. Some years after I found three or four speci- 
mens of Pyramets Atalanta under the same circumstances. all close 
together, hanging to a rough rafter and perfectly torpid. On being placed 
in a warm room they revived in a short time and | allowed them to 
escape. As early as warm February days I have met the Camberwell 
Beauty and Admiral, in solitary state, on the wing. The south side of 
Staten Island soon gets warmed by the Spring sun, and 1s a good collect- 


. ~ a ~ 
ing field for the entomologist. A. R. GROTE. 
(Printed March oth, 1883.) 








VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., MARCH, 1883. No. 3 








A MYSTERY AND ITS SOLUTION. 
BY REV. W. J. HOLLAND, PITTSBURGH, PA. 


Seated at my desk this evening, with a copy of Vol. I. of Edwards’ 
Butterflies of North America before me, [ am forcibly reminded, as I turn 
to the magnificent plate designated as ‘“ Argynnis I.,” of an experience of 
my boyhood. My home, from 1858 to the fall of 1863, was in the village 
of Salem, N. C., famous as one of the most successful of the settlements 
made by the Moravian Brethren under the lead of the good Count Zinzen- 
dorf, and well known throughout the South as the seat of an excellent 
seminary for young ladies. ‘The war broke out and the hopes cherished 
of sending me to the North to be educated were in consequence disap- 
pointed. I was left to pursue my studies under a tutor, and to roam the 
neighborhood of afternoons in quest of insects, of which I gathered a 
large collection.. Unfortunately my stock of books upon entomology was 
limited, and aside from an original copy of Say’s work, of no especial 
value. My determination of species was therefore very imperfect. 


One day I spied upon.a bed of verbenas a magnificent butterfly with 
broad expanse of wing, and large blue spots upon the secondaries. In 
breathless haste I rushed into the house and got my net. To the joy of 
my heart, when I returned to the spot, the beauty was still hovering over 
the crimson blossoms. But, as I drew near with fell intent, it rose and 
lazily sailed away. Across the garden—over the fence 





across the church- 
yard—out into the street—with leisurely flight the coveted prize sped its 
way, while I quickly followed, net in hand. Once upon the dusty street, 


its flight was accelerated; my rapid walking was converted into a run. 
/ 





Down past the church, and,—/orribile dictu /—past the boarding school 


that pesky butterfly flew. I would rather have faced a cannonade in those 


42 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





days than a bevy of boarding-school misses, but there was no alternative. 
There were the dreaded females at the windows, (for it was Saturday, and 
vacation hour,) and there was my butterfly. Sweating, blushing, inwardly 
anathematizing my luck, I rushed past the school, only to be overwhelmed 
with mortification by the rascally porter of the institution, who was sweep- 
ing the pavements, and who bawled out after me: ‘‘ Oh! it’s no use—you 
can’t catch it! It’s frightened, you’re so ugly!” And now it began to 
rise in its flight. It was plainly my last chance, for it would in a moment 
be lost over the house tops. JI made an upward leap, and by a fortunate 
sweep of the net, succeeded finally in capturing my prize. I decided that 
it was an Argynnis, and noted the similarity of the silvery spots to those 
of A. Diana, of which I had several male specimens agreeing with the 
plate in Say. But I was sorely puzzled. In 1863 I went North. My 
collection followed me in 1865, after the war. I sought in vain, however, 
for some one to name my butterfly forme. I asked the Professor of 
Zoology in the College where I was pursuing my studies, to help me, but 
with characteristic frankness, he answered my request by saying: ‘I don’t 
know anything about bugs and butterflies, and nobody else in the Faculty 
does.” Some time later, being in London, at the British Museum, I asked 
to see the cases containing 4rgynz7s, but my black beauty was not there 
represented. I described it as well as I could to the gentlemanly Curator, 
and made a rough drawing for him from memory, and received the reply : 
“You must be mistaken, sir, in your identification of the genus. We have 
no such Argyznzs here, at all events.” 


Meanwhile my collecting ceased for the time, and my collection was 
deposited in the keeping of an Eastern institution of learning. ‘There it 
went the way of such things when carelessly attended to. Eighteen 
months ago the collection was restored to me. Alas! for the most part in 
the form of dust and fragments. My black beauty was an unsightly wreck 
—a wingless, worm-eaten body on a pin. 


The mystery remained unsolved for me until I opened this magnificent 
work of Mr. Edwards’, and I now at last have the satisfaction of knowing | 
the name of the beautiful insect I chased down the streets of Salem more 
than twenty years ago; and of. having the assurance that in all proba- 
bility the specimen I impaled that July morning was the first specimen of 
the female of Avgynn7zs Diana ever put upon an insect pin. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 43 





NEWFOUNDLAND BUTTERFLIES, COLLECTED BY 
P. H. GOSSE. 
Editor Can. ENT.: 

Dear Str,—I send you herewith certain notes of observations made 
50 years ago, by the eminent naturalist, Philip H. Gosse, F. R.S., &c., on 
Butterflies of Newfoundland. 

I received a letter from Mr. Gosse, in the spring of 1882, from which 
I extract as follows : 

*‘T began the study of Insects in 1832, when I was a clerk in a mer- 
cantile house at Carbonear, Newfoundland. For more than three years I 
pursued the study with great ardor and industry, making careful drawings 
of nearly every species | found, of all orders, often magnified. These 
drawings, in a small 4to book, I still possess, and for minute care I think 
they are in nowise inferior to any that I have executed in later years. 
They have never been used for publication, save a few slight allusions in 
my ‘Canadian Naturalist,’ and I have of late thought some of you Ameri- 
can entomologists might be interested in looking over so early a record, 
since you are including Newfoundland in your Fauna. If it would give 
you the least pleasure, I will at once post it to you.” At my reply to this, 
the book was sent, with the following note: ‘‘I do not know what is 
known to the U. S. entomologists about the economy and natural history 
of the insects of Newfoundland. 1 am pretty sure English entomologists 
know nothing at all about them, for my own drawings and observations 
have never been published. ‘Therefore I have thought it just possible that 
these early notes of mine may embody facts sufficiently graphic and inter- 
esting to be published in one of your magazines. If you think so, you are 
perfectly at liberty to use them. I only stipulate that my ¢fszss¢ma verba 
be not changed.” 

This book contains excellent colored figures of many Coleoptera, 
Hemiptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Heterocerous Lepi- 
doptera, with all which I myself have no concern, but by Mr. Gosse’s 
permission I am free to submit it to any specialists who care to make use 
of it for these orders. But in the Diurnal Lepidoptera are many species 
of interest, and some which have only been described of recent years. In 
most cases there are drawings of the mature caterpillar and chrysalis also. 
The species given are 

1. Papilio Brevicauda Saunders, ? both surfaces, 2 figs. of mature cater- 
pillar, and 2 of chrysalis, the green and the brown vars. 


as 
te 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


| 


. P. Turnus f , both sides—the pale variety ; caterpillar and chrysalis. 


2 
3. Pieris Vap7, summer form Acadica Edw., 2 figs. “‘ ee 
4. Vanessa Antiopa > cr 
B tn a talberice vy ef = 
6. Pyrameis Atalanta iE i 
ae re Cardui “ rf A 
8. Coenonympha /xornata, Edw. i 


g. Chionobas Ca/azs, Scud., 2. Under side only. 
to. Chrysophanus Ap7xanthe, Bois. 2 figs. 

11. Lycaena Aguzlo, Bois. bf 

ey 4 Couper?, Grote. F 

13. Ff Aster, Edw. ¢ 

The figures of C. Zvornata agree with the type specimen of the butter- 
fly from Lake Winnipeg. [have also four examples taken at St. John’s, 
Newfoundland, in 1880, by Mr. T. L. Mead. I have seen this species 
from no locality between Winnipeg and the island. 

Chion. CaZazs was described from a single female from Rupert House, 
Hudson’s Bay, and to this day I have not seen another example. I for- 
merly thought it was the same as Ch. Chryxus, Doubl., but am satisfied 
of its distinctness. ‘This admirable figure by Mr. Gosse is unmistakably. 
the likeness of Ca/ais, which like /nornata, is thus found in localities 
thousands of miles apart. 

Lyc. Aster was taken by Mr. Mead at St. John’s, and I have not seen 
it from localities outside Newfoundland. 

Lyc. Couper? was taken by Mr. Wm. Couper on Anticosti, and is also 
found in South Labrador. 


W. H. Epwarps. 
Coalburgh, W. Va.; 18th Dec., 1882. 


NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES OBTAINED AT CARBONEAR 
ISLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, 1832-1835. 
BY P. H. GOSSE, F. R. S., ETC. 


PAPILO BREVICAUDA, SAUND. ; AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS. 


[Extracts from journals, kept by P. H. Gosse, at Carbonear, New- 





foundland, in 1834 and 1835. | 


1834, July 25.—A friend, A. E., caught for me an example of the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 45 


Black Swallowtail,* in torn condition, on Carbonear Island, a high rocky 
islet, about a mile in length, lying off the mouth of the harbor, uninhabited, 
uncultivated, partly covered with bushes—visited occasionally for summer 
picnics. ‘This is my first cabinet specimen ; but I had possessed an old 
rubbed and patched specimen which had been captured in the same 
locality several years before I began to collect. 

July 31.—I made a visit with A. E., to Carbonear Island. We saw 
immense numbers of the little Orange-brown Butterfly (the Cenonympha 
figured on page 22 of my Entom. of Newfoundland, 4to), and many of the 
Polyommatus (Argus of Ibid, p. 23).¢ After searching the Island, in vain, 
for a Swallowtail, we were just going down to our boat, when I caught 
sight of a great black fellow fluttering over a bed of tansy. I ran towards 
him, but I had to look about some time before I could find my beauty, 
for he had now alighted, and was so fearless that he did not attempt to fly, 
but continued sucking the aromatic flowers. I threw my net over him, 
and found I had secured a specimen much more perfect than my former 
acquisition. 

Aug. 8.—My neighbor, Mr. Peters, gave me a beautiful caterpillar, 
which had been feeding on parsnip in his garden, and a few hours later 
he sent me another (No. 2), younger. ‘They are of a clear apple-green 
hue, each segment marked by a black transverse band of velvet-black, car- 
rying five spots of bright yellow. Each segment is also separated from 
its fellows by a narrower line of black. I feel confident they are the larvee 
of one of the Swallowtails. The No. 2 protruded, and instantly retracted, 
a soft red organ from its neck. 


Aug. 9.—I observed the orange-colored organ of the neck much farther 
projected ; it was then forked, in form of a Y; it left a wetness on my 
finger, and diffused a strong odor of parsnip. 

Aug. 11.—I am convinced that the Y-organ of the neck is used as a 
defence ; for, on my touching the side of the caterpillar—the left side, for 





instance—it would jerk its head round to the place, and protrude the Ze/t 
branch of the forked horn ; if I touched the right side, the 7¢g?t branch 
would be protruded ; tie other branch, on each occasion, being kept un- 
displayed, while a strong fetor was manifest. The caterpillar No. 1 has 
moulted to-day. 





* Papilio-brevicauda, Saund. 
+ Lyc. Aster, Edw. 


46-- THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Aug. 16.—The younger (No. 2.) moulted. There is a marked differ- 
in the coloring of the two examples. ‘This one has the yellow spots cir- 
cular in outline, and quite insulated, centrally, on the black bands ; but 
No. 1 has the spots of oblong shape, and placed cag the front edge of 
the black bands, interrupting it. 

Aug. 21.—In Peters’ garden I found, on the parsnip leaves, two more 
Swallowtail caterpillars, larger than my largest (Nos. 3 and 4). 


Aug. 22.—My No. 1 is hanging, back downward, from the roof of its 
cage, a silken band round its body, and its tail fastened to a knob of 
white silk. In the evening No. 3 suspends itself in like. manner. 


Aug. 23.—This morning I was so fortunate as to see the process of 
No. 4 putting the already spun silken girth over his head, and adjusting 
it around his shoulders. 

Aug. 24.—No. 1 went into chrysalis during the forenoon. It is large 
and rough of surface, of a yellowish pink hue, green in some parts, marked 
with a broad streak of sooty brown down the back, and one down each 
side of the abdomen. 

Aug. 25.—This morning I saw that No. 3 had already become a chry- 
salis. About 5 p. m., I witnessed, with great pleasure, the whole process 
of the evolution of another chrysalis, my No, 4—the one whom I had seen 
put on his necktie. This caterpillar appearing uneasy and restless, I 
watched it at intervals for about half an hour ; when, by strong and ap- 
parently painful distension of the part, a slit was made in the skin, down 
the back of the third ring. Through this the soft chrysalis forced itself, 
gradually extending the slit wpwards, till the head was divided and 
separated ; and also downwards, for several rings’ length. The skin was 
now gradually pushed down. I had been curious to see how the creature 
would get through this part of the business, for its weight pressed the 
silken girth very tight around the body. ‘There seemed, however, no real 
difficulty ; I thought it kept itself, by muscular effort, from pressing its 
whole weight on the girth until the skin had passed the part. As soon as 
it was pushed down to the extremity, the tail of the chrysalis was thrust 
out beneath, very cleverly, and pushed upward to take hold of the little 
knob of silk. When this was done, the old wrinkled skin was jerked off, 
and cast away, by the writhing of the pupa. The silken girth was now 
encircling the body, between the sixth and seventh rings ; but the chrysalis 
twisted and turned, till it got the girth three rings nearer the head, namely, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 47 








across the middle of the wing-covers. ‘The skin was as yet so soft, and 
the silk so slender, that it cut into the wing-covers, so far as to be in- 
visible ; but, as all my specimens are alike in this respect, I presume it is 
no other than natural. The shape of each was different, immediately on 
expulsion, from what it became after some hours ; the fore parts being 
awkwardly shortened and shrivelled, and the hind wings stretched out. 

Aug. 27.—Caterpillar No. 2 finished his girth, and put it over his 
head, about 8 a. m., and so is suspended. 

Aug. 30.—This No. 2 went into pupa in the early morning. — In this 
case when the skin was stripped down, the tail was not put out to take 
hold of the silken knob ; and, by and by, the old skin loosed its hold of 
the silk, and the chrysalis was swinging about, suspended only by the girth. 
I proceeded carefully to assist nature by removing the old skin, and put- 
ting the tail to the silk, of which its projecting points now took firm hold. 
The girth, however, remains between the sixth and seventh rings, so as to 
cause the fore parts to hang down considerably. In shape it resmbles the 
other three ; but in color it is widely different, being wholly of a bright 
yellowish green, except a wide band of pale yellow down the back. This 
individual is the one which, as a larva, had the peculiarity of the yellow 
spots, which I noticed on the 16th inst., and from both circumstances, I 
fully expect the imago to be of a different species from the others. 

1835. June 25.—To-day I sailed from Carbonear for Canada, carrying 
with me the four Swallowtail chrysalids of last summer, all alive and 
apparently healthy. . 

July 4. At sea, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.—From the yellow and 
green chrysalis, No. 2 (see note on Aug. 30, 1834), was evolved before 
day, a specimen of the Black Swallowtail—Papz/o Asterias (brevicauda of 
Saunders.) It is identical with the examples taken on the Island last 
summer, but in great beauty of perfection ; the wings are not in the least 
injured from the cutting of the pupa-skin by the girth (see Aug. 25, 1834), 
nor by the accident that the girth has been, for some weeks past, broken ; 
one side first giving way, then the other, so that the chrysalis has been 
hanging perpendicularly. 

July 14th.—One of the drab-hued, brown-striped chrysalids produced 
the butterfly this afternoon. 

July 18 and 20. At Quebec.—The other two were evolved. Those 
of the 4th and r4th had been kept in glasses, exposed to the sunlight, all 


48 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the winter ; these last two had been shut up ina dark box. ‘Thus all my 
four examples have produced perfect imagines. I can discern no specific 
difference among these last three, zvfer se. ; nor—what is much more re- 
markable—between them and the one from the yellow and green chrysalis, 
evolved on the 4th instant. The variation in color, which distinguished 
this individual, both in the larva and pupa: (as I have described under 
dates Aug. 16 and 30, 1834), seems, therefore, a very noteworthy circum- 
stance. 

The liquid discharged by these butterflies, immediately after their evolu- 
tion, is whitish, or cream-colored. The duration of the period of pupa- 
repose is not quite uniform. It does not fall much short of eleven 
months, from about the middle of August to about the middle of July. 
And the evolution of my individuals kept in unnatural confinement through 
the winter, does not sensibly vary, in seasonal period, from that of the 
examples caught on Carbonear Island, last July. 


One of my evolved specimens, before it was killed for the cabinet, laid 
five globular yellow eggs. So that I have seen this beautiful insect in all 
its stages. . 


P. Turnus, Linn. Dwarfed in size, and paled in hue, from the normal 
American condition. It is very uncertain in its appearance; in some 
seasons I have seen 15 or 20 examples ; in others not one ; it must always 
be considered scarce. In my “Canadian Naturalist” I have given a few 
notes of these species. 


Pieris Oleracea, Harr. Always abundant ; a nuisance in the cabbage- 
gardens. ‘The rst brood appears early in June ; the 2nd late in August 
and early in September, at which times we find oleraceous plants studded 
with the oblong, whitish eggs. I once saw a @ lay an egg; she alighted 
on the under side of a leaf of horse-radish, and immediately, bending her 
abdomen down, touched the leaf for an instant, and flew away. Looking 
at the spot I found the white egg adhering by its end. I have had females 
lay several eggs, when pinned on the setting board. I once found a pupa 
which was all over of a light pellucid green hue ; this is always the color 
when newly evolved, but in this instance the green hue remained without 
any change till the imago appeared, some ten days after I had found it. 
Another unusual circumstance was that this chrysalis, instead of being 
horizontal, was bound in a perpendicular position, head downward to an 
upright post. The June brood have remained in pupa through the winter, 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 49 





the August brood only about a fortnight. What becomes of butterflies at 
night ? I had often asked. One evening after dark, I saw a P. Oleracea 
resting with closed wings on a stalk of grass. I threw it into the air re- 
peatedly, but it would not fly ; it merely fluttered to the ground, and made 
no resistance to my taking it up again. 


Vanessa Milberti, Godart. The first butterfly that gladdens our eyes 
in spring, appearing on sunny days in the middle of April, but in no con- 
siderable number in May. ‘Then it becomes by far the most abundant of 
all our butterflies, more common than even the Garden White, and that in 
every season. It seems to survive the long and severe winter. I once 
found one, half-torpid, on the 15th October, resting, with closed wings, on 
a stone 77 the midst of a loose heap ; and a gentleman presented me with 
another, living, but torpid, which had fallen from a loft on the 5th of April. 
This last was certainly a survivor of the winter. 


About the middle of June we see the tops of the growing nettles covered 
with unsightly webs, which are inhabited by families of the little black 
caterpillars of A/7/bertz. They live in society some time after they are 
hatched ; but as they grow up they separate into groups of four or five on 
each plant. As they are not long eating the choice leaves of one nettle, 
they colonize to others, leaving their deserted habitations mere leafless 
stalks, covered with the dense and cloth-like web, and with the excrement 
and sloughed skins of the caterpillars. 


When full grown they_have a rather repulsive appearance, being black 
above, dingy green below, with toothed spines. But the beauty of the 
chrysalis atones for the ugliness of the caterpillar ; for the numerous sharp 
points on the brown segments are of a most brilliant gold, like polished 


metal. Occasionally we see examples of more than usual splendour ; the 


abdominal rings of a dull red, and the whole fore parts of polished gold, 
tinged with green. Alas! it is a fatal beauty! for all such specimens are 
punctured by parasitic flies, the terrible ‘‘ Long Stings ;’ and from every 


one there are sure to emerge one or more of these rascally ichneumons. 


V. Antiopa, Linn. Rather rare, flying round the tops of willows. 
Fine specimens measure 31% inches in expanse ; the border of the wings, 
which in European examples is buff, is in Newfoundland examples pure 
white, speckled with blackish ; at least in the female. 


Pyramets Atalanta, Linn. The Red Admiral is sufficiently abundant 


with us, As soon as summer is fully set in our gardens are gay with this 


~ 


D0 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








very fine insect, itself looking like a brilliant flower. Like other members 
of the group, it often alternately expands and closes its beautiful black and 
scarlet wings in the sun when resting from flight. There seem to be two 
broods in the season ; one appearing in June, one in Sept. and Oct. The 
transformations of this wide-spread species are sufficiently known. <A day 
or two before the evolution of the butterfly the brilliant marking of the fore 
wings becomes distinctly visible through the transparent skin of the pupa ; 
but allin miniature. I have taken a chrysalis in this condition between 
my fingers, and gently pressing it till the skin of the back cracked, the 
butterfly crawled out. Though it was quite lively, the wings did not begin 
to expand for more than an hour; then they rapidly attained their full 
size and perfect form, without any injury from the premature birth. Though 
the Red Admiral is so abundant in Newfoundland, I cannot recollect that 
[ ever met with it in Lower Canada, and very rarely in Alabama. 

Pyr. Cardui, Linn. The last remark is true of this universally distri- 
buted species also. In Newfoundland, however, it is more abundant as 
larva than as imago ; the caterpillars, in great societies, crowding the 
web-clothed thistles by the wayside, which I have found very easy to rear, 
while if we search the same plants a few weeks later no trace of one and 
not even an empty pupa-skin appears, and the butterflies are far from 
numerous. The chrysalis is even more beautiful than that of A/7/ber?7, 
the gilded spots being often orange-colored. 

Chionobas Calais, Scudd. Of this species I am sorry to say I can 
give no account, except the colored figure in my book of drawings, which 
was certainly made from a specimen taken near Carbonear. 

Cenonympha inornata, Edw. If my little Orange-brown is indeed 
this species, it must be wide-spread, since this reaches to the Pacific. In 
Newfoundland it is not uncommon, though local. In Aug. 1833, I found 
a few specimens on Carbonear Island, and in July of the following year, 
immense numbers were swarming there, though only one or two straggling 
individuals were to be seen elsewhere. I know nothing of the immature 
stages. 

Chrysophanus Epixanthe, Lec. This tiny butterfly, which I called 
the Purple-disk, was the smallest species that I had ever seen, expanding 
less than an inch. It appears to be rare. I met with it only in 1834, at 
the end of July and the beginning of August, chiefly on some low shrubs, 
unknown to me, whose leaves have an aromatic odor somewhat like that 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 5] 


of the orange tree growing in some abundance on the banks of a brook 
behind the town of Carbonear. A few examples only occurred, but from 
its minuteness and dull hue it may be easily overlooked. Yet the area of 
the upper surface, though dull, has a rich purple flush in some lights. 

Lycena Aster, WW. H. Edw. This species, which I had supposed to 
be our English Azgus, is far more common than the preceding. In the 
summer of 1834 it was nearly as abundant as the little Orange-brown on 
Carbonear Island, where every step aroused numbers of these bright little 
creatures from the grass to sport in the sunshine. It was surprising to see 
how much the beams of the sun, reflected in every direction from their 
lustrous wings, added to the life and gaiety of the scene. I have found 
the species not rare also on Bake-apple Marsh, during July and August, 
the hottest and brightest part of our short summer. 


Lyc. Couperi, Grote. On the other hand I am acquainted with but a 
single specimen of this species, which I distinguished as the Silver Blue. 
This was caught on Carbonear Island, on the roth of July. 

Lyc. Aquilo, Boisd. The Lead-grey Blue. This too is found on Car- 
bonear Island in July, but by no means commonly. 

The above-named are all the butterflies that I have actually taken in 
Newfoundland. But there are doubtless some that escaped me. In May, 
1835, as I was on Flagstaff Hill, about a mile from the town of Carbonear, 
I saw a small butterfly, strange to me, red, with black spots. It may have 
been Welitwa or Chrysophanus. 1 observed it five or six times during an 
hour that I remained there, but, though it flew near me, I could not 
catch it. 


ON THE GENUS AGROTIS. 
BY A: R. GROTE, A. M. 


In the Reports of Dr. Harris and Prof. Riley and some other State 
Entomologists, the structural characters of the genus Agrof7s are not given, 
and the term is evidently loosely applied to cover certain Noctuide known 
as “cut-worms.” In Dr. Harris’s Report, as I have shown, the moth 
Hadena devastatrix (the Agrotis devastator of Brace) is considered to be 
an Agrotis, while Agrotis Clandestina, which has the structural characters 
of Agrotis, is referred to the old Linnean genus Woctua, now without 


52 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 3s 


standing in our lists. The three genera to which the ‘“ cut-worms” are 
referable, Agrotis, Hadena and Mamestra, are separated in the Preface to 
my list of the Noctuide, p. 3, April, 1874, by their characters. 

The genus Agroftis is recognized, in a more or less extended sense, by 
all modern writers upon the (Voctuide. It is very numerous in species, 
over two hundred and twenty-five being described from our territory. 
The perfect insects may be known by their rather narrow and pointed 
fore wings, which are even along the short external margin, and the rather 
full and rounded hind wings. They are usually of a brown or gray color, 
and the primaries above show the stigmatal marks plainly ; the two ordi- 
nary spots on the cell are often relieved by a black or dark shade spread- 
ing between them and on either side of them, setting them off. The 
median lines are usually not very distinct ; they are often double, darker 
than the wing, and form little scallops, as curves between the veins. The 
structure of the genus must be made out with the help of a lens, under 
which the compound eyes will be found to have the surface naked ; the 
ocelli are present; the middle and hind tibize are always, and usually the 
front tibiz as well, spinose, or covered with prickles, similar to those 
usually present on the tarsi of all Noctuids. Besides these characters, 
the body is deprived of tufts along the dorsal line which signalize the 
allied genera of ‘“ cut-worms,” Hadena and Mamestra. The labial palpi 
are not very prominent ; the tongue is well sized in almost all the species ; 
the front is smooth ; the vestiture or clothing of the body is of a hairy 
character, rather smooth than rough. The antennze of the males are of 
varied structure ; sometimes they are simple, merely provided with little 
hairs or ciliz ; again they are’ brush-like, serrated, or again quite lengthily 
pectinated or feathered. ‘The type of Agrotzs is Segetwm, and we owe the 
generic name to Hubner. 

Subdivisions of the genus can be undertaken when the form of the 
genitalia is studied. ‘This character, taken in connection with the antennal 
structure, will give us sub-genera and assist in the identification of our 
numerous species. I cite 206 species in my late Check List, one (ruf- 
pectus) has been forgotten ; | have described nearly twenty since, not all 
at this writing published (in a paper in the Annals and Magazine for 
Natural History, Jan., 1883, will be found several new forms found by 
Prof. Snow in New Mexico). I have separated from Agrotis the genus 
Avrotiphila, founded on the constricted eyes, a good character which, 
indeed, allies the moth (J/ontana) to Anarta and the Heliothid genera ; 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 53 


it is said by Mr. Morrison to have a European analogue not known to me. 
Lately I have described the genus Carneades. ‘Vhis is based on a species 
I should otherwise have referred to Agrotis (moerens), but the clypeus is 
roughened with a navel-shaped protuberance, around which the frontal 
hairs converge, while the infra-clypeal plate is prominent. To this genus, 
Carneades, 1 also refer Agrotis citricolor, Grote, which shares the embossed 
clypeus. On examination the pattern of ornamentation is the same ; 
Citricolor is light yellow, AZoerens is ochrey fuscous, varying in the depth 
of shade; both have the terminal space darker, the reniform with an 
inferior dark spot; the two are western, Cvtricolor from Colorado 
and California, Moerens from Arizona; the size is moderate (30 to 26 mil.) 
Anytus differs in the shape of the thorax, which is more square in front and 
approaches that of Lithophane (capax ), which led me to place the moth 
(Sculptus) in that group at one time ; the moth hibernates, but so do some 
other Agrofis, as now appears. In addition the eyes are lashed. 
As to this last character I am not certain but that it is shared 
by other species.’ My notes on this character were made in 
1875, and the species must be again examined. Adta has a claw 
on the front tibia, and the species (ch/onanthi), rediscovered by my- 
self in New York since its illustration in the last century from Georgia by 
Abbot & Smith, is otherwise a striking and peculiar form. While these 
four genera rest upon decided characters, three others: Avzcfa, and 
Matuta, and Pleonectopoda are of doubtful value and are not considered 
valid in my late Check List. The type of Anic/a is ineivis, and the other 
forms agree with this(deata, Zubricans) in the close short vestiture, the 
simple antennz, the black velvety band in frént, the pale, sub-diaphanous 
secondaries, the long abdomen. Comparative as these characters are and 
shared by other species singly, I yet believe when the genitalia are studied 
that we shall be able to use this term in a sub-generic sense. ‘The type of 
Matuta is Catherina (manifestolabes). Vhis is a red species with pecti- 
nate antenne and looking like the European Zaeniocampa rubricosa. 
Probably this also may be used in a sub-generic sense and include such 
forms as Manifesta, Orthogonia, etc. Ihave not been able to examine 
any of these carefully; the species seem to be rare, and with the exception 
of the type, a female Catherina (mistaken by me for a male), have never 
been in my possession. The type of Catherina I photographed for the 
CanapIAN Envromo.oaisr and returned it to Mr. Norman too quickly ; | 
saw it lately in Coll. British Museum. Finally with regard to P/eonectopoda, 


54 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








spinose and, apparently, a slight tuft on thorax, which latter character may 
be accidental. In perfectly fresh specimens of sazcéa, there is, however, 
a species of cresting which is very curious. With regard to other genera 
proposed by European authorities at the expense of Agrotis, we have in 
our fauna representatives of Ammoconia, which has a distinct longitudinal 
thoracic ridge of scales, and is apparently valid. The same character 
separates Hpig/aea from Glaea. It is less strong, however, than any of 
the four genera above discussed and established by me. Our forms are 
much slighter than the European type of Amsmoconia. The sub-generic 
term Lurois (occulta) may be retained for large, wide-winged forms. I 
should think that C/andestina and Cupida would afford sub-generic types. 

The genus Agrotis should first be divided by the separation of the 
forms with non-spinose fore tibiae, then the other characters here discussed 
should be used. In this way the monographist will do a good work, now 
much needed. 

With regard to the species, there may be too many separated from 
Cupida, although Prof. Lintner seems hardly to be agreed with this. The 
western forms are very confusing, and the range which I admit under 
“ Cupida” is very great, though in all probability it will have to be 
extended to admit both A/ternata and Lrunneipennis. Variata | regard 
as decidedly distinct. Recu/a may be an extreme form of Cicatricosa. 
The forms allied to Campestris (7. e., Decolor, Albipennis, Nigripennts ) 
may have to be all united under the name Dec/arata of Walker, which, 
applied to western specimens under an erroneous generic appellation, is 
probably the oldest term for any of them. ‘The western specimens (coll. 
Neumoegen) which I have labelled Dec/arata can hardly be distinguished 
from eastern Campestris. As to the species erected at the expense of 
Subgothica, we certainly ought to be able to decide the matter by breeding 
them. While there is no difficulty in separating /eri/7s, from the orna- 
mentation of the primaries, ¢vécosa is considered hard to recognize 
always with certainty, by some correspondents who have probably had a 
larger material to look over than myself. As for the great bulk of the 
species cited in the New Check List, they are undoubtedly valid. As 
compared with the European fauna, our species of Agrvofzs are far more 
numerous. Staudinger gives 170 species, but he includes Labrador forms. 
In my opinion he is not justified in this procedure ; the resemblance is 
owing to the presence of Arctic forms (4Avarta, etc.) ‘The Labrador 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 55 


fauna is a true extension of that of New England, and is copied in minia- 
ture on the slopes of the White Mountains. 


ON THE GENUS LEUCOBREPHOS. 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


In my Check List (1876) I proposed three new generic names, Con- 
‘servula, Oxylos and Leucobrephos. 1 have since discarded Oxydos and 
given the character which separates Conservu/a from Zrigonophora Led. 
There remains Zeucobrephos, which, owing to the kindness of Mr. Butler, 
who has examined Walker’s types for me, I now describe as follows : 


LeucoprerHos Grote; Type: Anarta Brephoides Walk. 

Male antennz with longer pectinations than Arephos, and broader. 
Palpi concealed by the beard-like hair, more thickly hirsute than in Brephos. 
Eyes narrower, smooth, naked. ~The neuration differs by veins 3 and 4 
of primaries arising from a common foot-stalk. On secondaries veins 3 
and 4 arise from a long stem, diverging near the margin. 

Leucobrephos Brephoides has been twice redescribed, by Prof. Zeller as 
Archiearis Resoluta and from a mutilated specimen by myself as MZeér- 
cleptria Hoyi. Its occurrence in the United States, Wisconsin, is remark- 
able. Although I originally, nearly twenty years ago, determined the 
species from the Yukon River, in the Proceedings of the Entomological 
Society of Philadelphia, I failed to recognize the species from the speci- 
men (wanting antenne and legs) sent by Dr. Hoy. The genus seems to 
be sub-arctic and probably embraces Amphidasys Middendorfir, from 
Siberia, besides the North American type. 


Family BREPHID#. 
Leucobrephos Grote (1876). 
Brephoides adh. Middendorfil AZen. 

Resoluta Zeller. 
Floyi Grote. 
Brephos Atubn. (Tentamen). 
Infans Mosch/. Nothum “iin. 
Hlamadryas Harr. Puella £sf. 
Parthenias Lzn7. Spuria Hubn, 


56 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The species described by Boisduval from California are probably 
Arctians and do not belong here. . 


The two genera are regarded as comprising a distinct family by Dr. 
Herrich-Scheeffer, and probably correctly. The earliest name for it seems 
to be Woctuo-Phalenidi of Boisduval. Following a corrected terminology, 
I should call it BrepA7de@ in future. 


ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS.- 


THE MELON MOTH—Eudioptis hyatinata, Linn. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


A specimen of this beautiful little moth, known also under the name 
of Phakellura hyalinatalis, has been taken by Mr. J. Alston Moffat, in 
the neighborhood of Hamilton, 
the first capture, as far as we 
know, of this insect in Canada. 
It is shown in figure 3. The 
wings are of a pearly white color 
with a peculiar indescence, bor- 
dered with black, and they 
f measure when expanded nearly 
M an inch across. The body and 
legs are of the same glistening 
white, and the abdomen termin- 
ates in a movable brush-like tuft 
of a pretty buff color, tipped with 
white and black. It is very 
widely disseminated, being found 
throughout the greater part of 
North and South America ; and 
is very common in some sections 
in the Southern States. 

The larva, shown also in the 
figure, is, when mature, about an 
inch and a quarter long, translu- 
cent and of a yellowish green color, with a few hairs scattered over its 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 57 





body. They are frequently found feeding on melon and cucumber vines, 
and do not confine their attacks to the leaves, but eat also into the fruit, 
either excavating shallow cavities on the surface, or penetrating directly 
into its substance. They spin their cocoons on a fold of the leaf, as seen 
in the figure, within which they change to slender brown chrysalids about 
three quarters of an inch long, from which in a short time the perfect 
insect emerges. 

The beautiful figure illustrating this subject was drawn from nature by 
Mr. Marx. of Washington, and published in Prof. Comstock’s Report, as 
Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, for 1879. | Through the 
kindness of Dr. Loring, U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture, we have been 
supplied with an electrotype of it. 





OBSERVATIONS ON LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS. 
BY MRS. C. FE. HEUSTIS, PARRSBORO, N. S. 


I was much interested in an article in Vol. xi. of the CANADIAN 
Enromo.ocisr, by Mr. W. H. Edwards. entitled, “ Is Lémenitis arthemrs 
double-brooded 2?” My own observations previous to the time of reading 
the article were confirmatory of Mr. Edwards’ theory ; but I wished to 
learn more of this interesting species before hazarding any remarks con- 
cerning its habits. 

I have never reared or ‘attempted to rear arthemis from the egg, but 
have one specimen obtained from a full-fed larva found on the 2nd July, 


1877. It went into chrysalis on the 3rd, and the imago appeared on the 
16th. I have seen fresh looking specimens on 1st July, when enjoying, 
with other citizens, “* Dominion Day” in the country. — Later than this I 


have not seen a fresh specimen, excepting the example before recorded. 

I find in an old note book the following entry: ‘“‘ Parrsboro, N. S., 
July 25, 1877, captured to-day a worn and battered specimen of Lmenztis 
arthemis, the only example seen, although the species is usually abund- 
ant in this wood.” <A few days later I saw another specimen less worn, 
but did not succeed in capturing it. 

The bustle consequent upon a change of residence prevented me in 
the early part of last summer (1882) from doing much collecting, so that 
| had no opportunity to observe at how early a date arthemis appears 
here ; but later in the season I spent a few days with some friends in a 


58 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


collecting tour along the south shore of Cumberland Co., N.5S., a distance 
of 45 miles. We were in search of plants and minerals, as well-as insects. 
We started on the 15th of August ; on that day I observed two examples 
of arthemis, one of which I took. — It was sitting on a low shrub, and 
seemed to be perfectly stupid, making no attempt to escape when I put 
my hand on it. It was a good deal worn and damaged. On the three 
following days I observed quite a number, all in the same condition. At 
several points they were quite abundant, especially where our road lay 
through damp woods. Thus, so far as my observation extends, both in 
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, avtiem?s may be taken occasionally, in 
good condition, as late as the middle of July, after which date I think few, 
if any, fresh specimens will be met with. 

I have no doubt that worn and faded specimens might have been 
found in this county throughout August, or even in September last year. 
The extreme backwardness of the spring probably retarded the develop- 
ment of the larvee, and thus caused the imagoes to be seen later than 
usual 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


I have used the Pyrethrum powder, “ Buhach” mixed with ten parts of 
flour, as the easiest and most effectual remedy for the cabbage worm. It 
was mixed in 1881 and remained in the ‘‘insufflator” till the past summer 
without apparently losing any of its virtue. Its effect was in no wise 
diminished. I gave some of the mixture to a friend here whose sheep 
were infested with ticks, requesting him to try it and report to me. He 
did so, saying that the ticks seemed to enjoy it and he rolled them about 
in it without inconvenience or injury so far as he could see. 

I have both kinds, Pyrethrum roseum and P. cinerariifolium™ growing 
from seed sent me by Prof. Riley. 

There are marked distinctions between the plants from the very first. 
The seed leaves of P. roseum are spatulate, those of P. ceneraritfolium 
are oval. The former throws out a single leaf from between them: the 
latter throws out two together. The foliage of the former has a tendency 





* The usual spelling of this word cannot be defended, and is against the analogy 
of almost every other similar term of classic origin. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, og 


to lie Hat on the ground, and looks comparatively feeble; that of the 
latter is ranker and stands much more upright. The plants now (January 
tst) look healthy and strong. 2. rosewm lived out of doors in Ohio 
through last winter without the slightest care or protection in a box above 
ground. Some of the plants began to grow in February, but a heavy rain, 
followed immediately by a hard frost, unfortunately killed their roots late 
in the spring. Had they been in the ground this accident would hardly 
have happened. So far as I can now see P. cénerariifolium is the more 
hardy of the two. I will report later on my success, if I have any, during 
the coming season of 1883. 
EK. W. Ciaypotr, New Bloomfield, Pa. 

Dear Sir: An office-mate made a capture last summer in a novel 
manner, but such as would not meet with the favor of entomologists as a 
method of collecting. He had occasion one hot midsummer day (29th 
June) to go out for a short time, and on returning complained that a fly 
had flown into his ear, and, having crawled in as far as possible, was 
causing great annoyance by a disagreeable buzzing and scratching. I 
advised him to pour a few drops of oil into the infested organ, or, better 
still, perhaps, to seek a doctor and have the occupant extracted by skilled 
labor. On reaching his doctor’s office he found that he was absent at a 
medical convention, but after telephoning all over the city he found a 
stay-at-home doctor to whom he went and stated the case. An examina- 
tion of the ear was made, but the doctor could discover nothing in it, and 
as the buzzing and scraping had then ceased, it was decided that the 
insect had taken his departure. However, he said it would do no harm 
to pour a little oil into the ear to allay the irritation which the fly had 
caused. My friend had not gone far from the office when the insect, 
which had only been taking a rest or * playing possum,” commenced a 
more violent commotion than ever, causing his unwilling host to hurry 
home and try the anointing process. Hastily pouring in a few drops of 
oil, he lay down with his ear on a pillow, and almost immediately felt the 
intruder withdrawing from his hiding-place and beating a retreat. Lifting 
his head he was astonished to see, not a fy, as he expected, but a long- 
legged, active deef/e, scampering away. ‘This he imprisoned and bore back 
triumphantly to me to identify. It proved to be a full-sized and lively 
specimen of Acmeops pratensis. The doctor, on being afterward confronted 
with the prisoner, was greatly surprised that it had so well secreted itself 


60 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


from him, and assured my friend that it might easily have caused serious 
trouble. Small insects cause frequent annoyance and occasional slight 
pain by flying into eyes and ears, but it is fortunate that such formidable 
hard-shelled beetles as the species just mentioned do not make a habit of 
exploring our ears. Had the case been that of some “ blockhead,” one 
might have supposed that the beetle had visited him under the guidance of 
instinct, but in the present instance the intrusion must have been merely 
the result of accident. 

Much as beetles injure man’s property, they seldom attack his body, 
but there is one Canadian species which most decidedly indulges in that 
unpleasant habit, and to an extent that is perhaps unknown to many 
entomologists. I refer to JZe/anophila longipes, which occurs here from 
r2th May to 12th Oct., and is usually abundant during the hot season, 
basking upon stone walls, etc. It has a fashion of lighting on one’s collar 
and inflicting a sharp nip on the nape of the neck, and then disappearing 
with great swiftness. I have often been thus bitten, and have sometimes, 
by making a sudden grab, taken the beetle in the act and proved his 
identity. Last summer several instances of persons being bitten fell under 
my observation. While at dinner one day in a hotel, three or four sitting 
at the same table complained that some ‘“ confounded fly” had nipped 
them viciously. The gentleman sitting next to me was one of the victims 
and caught the offender, but it escaped almost immediately, only allowing 
him to see that it was black and harder than a fly. I was just going to say 
that it was probably a specimen of .J7. /ongipes, when I got a nip that set- 
tled the question and the insect. 

A few weeks ago I was trying to convince two ladies that beetles 
might be handled fearlessly, as they had no biting propensities, when one 
of them at once exclaimed, *‘ don’t tell us that, for there 1s a nasty, little, 
flat, black beetle that bites me on the neck in the summer.” 

Ottawa, 25th January, 1883. W. HacuE HARRINGTON. 





Lists OF NAMES OF CANADIAN INsECTS.—The Council of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario having recently decided to issue additional 
sheets of the names of insects of all orders found within the Dominion of 
Canada ; we should be glad to receive from any of our Canadian mem- 
bers lists of such insects as they may have which are not included in the 
sheets already published by the Society, so as to make the sets as complete 


as possible. 
(Printed April 3rd, 1883.) 








VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., APRIL, 1883. No. 4 





PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. 





“ MOSS-HUNTING.” 





BY PROFESSOR J. T. BELL, BELLEVILLE, ONT. 


Having had several enquiries addressed to me as to how I captured 
the Pselaphide, etc., a list of which appeared in the ENromo.ocist of 
March, 1881, it has occurred to me that it might be acceptable to some 
of my entomological brethren to have a detailed account of my method 
of moss-hunting published in our organ. 

First, then, as to gathering the moss. For pedestrian excursions, a 
game bag, or haversack, to sling over the shoulder, will be most con- 
venient ; where a vehicle is employed, a pillow case or grain bag may be 
used, and in either case a small hand rake about a foot long will be found 
very useful. As soon as the snow leaves the ground, the collector may 
seek some open swampy woods, where the ground is varied with little 
mounds by the decay of fallen trees or the upturned roots of wind-falls, 
which are overgrown with mixed mosses,—or the banks of a pond or 
creek, strewn with rotting logs and branches. The moss should be taken 
up in large flakes, with as little disturbance as possible, and packed tightly 

‘in the bag. It is of little use taking the moss which grows in thin sheets 
on the stumps and trunks of trees, as few insects will be found in it, and 
there is one sort which grows in compact oval bunches of a bright green, 
which I uniformly reject as barren. The most productive is that which 
grows on the ground, and is not less than an inch in length of stem. So 
long as the ground is clean of snow, a little frost is not objectionable, but 
rather the reverse, as some of my most successful collecting was done 
when the moss was pretty well frozen, and the pools were covered with 
ice strong enough to walk over; but whatever may be the weather, the 
moss must be damp,—insects will not live in dry moss. 

Having brought a carga home, the next step is to get out its living 
treasures, for which the following implements will be needed: 1, A sieve, 


62 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


which can be easily and cheaply made as follows: A light wooden box 
about 9 in. by 7 in. may be had at any drug store; the bottom is knocked 
off and replaced with a piece of wire-web of four meshes to the linear 
inch ; the sides must be cut down with a fine saw to a depth of three 
inches, and strips about !4 in. wide nailed along the sides beneath the 
wire to keep it from touching the table. 2. A sable or camel hair pencil 
of the size known as duck quill, on a wooden handle. 3. A pair of 
flexible tweezers with fine points. 4. A small palette knife, the use of 
which is when a small insect is covered up among the dust and debris of 
the moss, to take up a portion and scatter it on a bare place on the paper, 
when the beetle will become accessible. 5. A hand or pocket magni- 
fier. 6. T'wo cyanide bottles, without saw dust. 7. A basket or box to 
receive the spent moss. 

The operator will place the sieve upon a sheet of strong white paper, 
cartridge paper is best,—and taking up a moderate handful of moss, 
tease and shake it well over the wire ; he will then lift the sieve, giving a 
couple of smart taps on the end to dislodge any clinging insect—and look 
out for the “bugs.” The Carabidze and Staphylinidz will first run at 
racing pace over the paper; the Pselaphidee and Scydmeenide will pro- 
gress more deliberately, though still pretty rapidly, in a steady, straight- 
forward march, with their prominent antenne stretched out before them, 
while the Trichopterygide will circle about, like the Gyrini upon the sur- 
face of a still pool, at an astonishing speed for such molecules of beetles. 
The larger insects may be captured with the fingers or the forceps ; the 
smaller ones by moistening the brush between the lps and touching them 
with the point, to which they will adhere; the brush with the insect 
attached is introduced through the neck of the bottle, when a slight fillip 
with the fingers will dislodge the captive. In the meantime the Curcullos, 
Chrysomelas, Tenebrios, etc., will recover from the shock, and betray their 
presence in their own slow, deliberate manner, when they too can be 
secured. Along with the beetles there will be seen numerous spiders, 
ants, mites, poduras, etc., and now and then a few small Diptera and 








Hymenoptera. 

To display the smaller captured beetles to the best advantage, they 
should be suffered to remain twenty-four hours in the bottle, when the 
cyanogen vapor will have caused their limbs to be limber and relaxed. 
They may then be attached to a strip of card-board by a small portion of 
mucilage, previously thickened by evaporation till it will not spread out 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIS!. 65 


or sink into the card. A sufficient number of spots of this are placed 
about a quarter of an inch apart, and on each spot is laid a beetle, back 
down, care being taken that the head, legs and antenne are kept from 
contact with the cement. When the latter has hardened sufficiently to hold 
the insect in its place, its antenne, palpi, legs, etc., may be adjusted with 
a very small, short-haired, red sable pencil, just moistened enough to 
make the hairs adhere together and form a single point. — For the larger 
and more refractory ones, a fine sewing needle, set in a wooden handle, 
and bent at an obtuse angle at the point, may be used. 


When the limbs have been properly adjusted, the insects may be laid away 
to dry, which will require three or four days for the smaller, and twice that 
time for the larger ones. | When dry they may be removed from the card 
by inserting the point of a fine needle under the shoulder ; if this is care- 
fully done the insect will generally come clear off without damage to the 
most delicate pubescence or the longest bristles. Any portions of the 
mucilage which may adhere to the elytra, may be removed with the needle 
point or the sable pencil moistened as before. © Kach specimen may then 
be mounted on a strip of card-board, or fastened in the cell of a micro- 
scope slide with a minute touch of Canada balsam, and a thin glass cover 
cemented over it, when it will form an interesting object for examination 
either by direct or transmitted light. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


Prof. Bell has kindly sent with the above paper a series of specimens 
illustrating the families of insects he has referred to, all neatly mounted 
on microscopic slides, comprising twenty im all. Many of these are 
extremely interesting, and the mounting is such as would do credit to an 
expert. We are greatly indebted to our friend for this liberal donation to 
our Society’s collection. They are valuable not only as beautiful slides 
for the microscope, but have also been carefully determined and are num- 
bered to correspond with the numbers under which their names are found 
in Crotch’s Check List, and hence will be very useful for reference. _ This 
is the second time we have had the pleasure of calling attention to Prof. 
Bell’s liberality in this direction.—Ep., C. EF. 


. 


64 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


DESCRIPTION OF THE*PREPARATORY Ss TAGHSSOR 
NEONYMPHA CANTHUS, Linn... (EXCEPT 
THE CHRYSALIS.) 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Egg.—Sub-rotund, broadest at base, and there flattened; surface 
slightly rough, but without definite markings under a pretty high power ; 
color greenish-white. Duration of this stage about 7 days. 


Younc Larva.—Length just from egg, .og inch; color yellow-white ; 
but in a few hours changes to pale green ; shape cylindrical, long, slender ; 
the last segment bluntly bifurcated ; on each segment a few tubercles, each 
of which gives out a clubbed white hair; head, at first, nearly twice as 
broad as 2, obovoid, truncated and depressed; on each vertex a small 
rounded prominence, indented at top,.and from the middle of the hollow 
rises a little tubercle, with a bristle ; color light brown ; the surface shal- 
lowly pitted, and sparsely pilose ; ocelli reddish brown. 


At three days from the egg, length .18 inch; color pale green; on 
either side now appear three whitish longitudinal lines, one near middle 
of dorsum, one on the verge of the dorsal area, and one on middle of the 
side. As the first moult approaches, the body becomes broad as the 
head, and vitreous-green, with the white lines as before described. To 
first moult about 8 days. ; 


After First Moult. 
dle segments ; the tails longer in proportion than at first stage, slender, 





Length .26 inch ; slender, slightly thickest in mid- 


sub-conical, pink-tipped, rough with white pointed tubercles and short 
bristles ; each segment several times creased transversely, and on the 
ridges so caused are fine white tubercles, with short hair to each; color at 
first greenish-yellow, afterwards changing to pale green ; on middle of 
dorsum a dark green stripe, free from tubercles ; on either edge of this a 
line of white tubercles, another sub-dorsal, a third along base ; between 
the last two are two other fine white lines, and one such between the dor- 
sal and sub-dorsal; feet and legs green; head broader than next seg- 
ment, obovoid, the sides more sloping, less rounded, than in first stage ; 
on each vertex a long, tapering process or horn, tuberculated, brown- 
tipped, and marked in front by a reddish stripe which is extended down 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 65 


side face to the ocelli; color of face and head yellow-green, the surface 
finely tuberculated. ‘To next moult 6 to g days. 


After Second Moult.—Length from .34 to .4 inch; same shape ; color 
yellow-green; same tuberculated lines; head shaped as before, but narrower 
and higher, the horns longer, and nearer together ; striped as before, but 

_the upper part pink; color of face pale green. ‘To next moult 14 to 18 
days. 

After Third Moult.—Length .55 inch ; shape and color as at preceding 
stage; but a few hours after the moult, in nearly all the examples, the 
colors changed to brown and buff; at 24 hours from the moult, length .57 
inch ; on middle of dorsum a broad brown stripe, on either side of which 
is a band of reddish-buff, which changes to greenish on the outer side ; on 
the side another buff band, through the middle of which runs a brown 
line ; the basal ridge buff ; head and horns as at preceding stage. A few 
days later the buff larvae became lethargic. 


But one of the green larve proceeded to fourth moult without change 
of color. From third to fourth moult in the fall, 26 days. 


After Fourth Moult in Fall. 
hours after the moult had changed ; color now yellow-buff and red-brown ; 
the medio-dorsal stripe pale brown ; the bands on either side of it green- 
ish-yellow ; the side brown with a dull green line running through it; head 
shaped as before ; face green, the stripes reddish-brown. ‘This larva went 
into lethargy a few days later, but died during the winter. 





Length .6 inch; color green; but 24 


One only of three larvee which hybernated after third moult survived 
the winter, and being placed in a warm room r5th Feb’y, soon waked up 
and began to feed. ‘The color gradually changed from buff to green 
without a moult; color wholly dull green, with a darker medio-dorsal 
stripe ; a yellow sub-dorsal line running from horn to tip of tail; two yel- 
low side lines, obscure ; yellow along base ; tails green, no pink at tips ; 
head pale yellow, the stripes brown. ‘Twenty-two days after the end of 
hybernation, passed fourth moult. 


After Fourth Moult in Spring.—Length .62 inch ; color pale green, the 
medio-dorsal stripe dark ; the sub-dorsal stripe yellow-white, the two lines 
on side, and the basal stripe same hue; tails green ; head emerald-green, 
the horns reddish, the stripe down face dark brown. Duration of this 


66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


stage 30 days. After fifth moult, length 1 inch ; color green, striped with 
whitish. ‘Twelve days later reached maturity. 


Marure Larva.—Length 1.2 inch; long, slender, the dorsum arched ; 
the last segment ending in two long, slender, conical tails, which are rough 
with tubercles ; each segment creased transversely so as to make six 
ridges ; the front ridge, from 3 back, is twice as broad as any other, and 
flattened, the rest nearly equal, rounded ; the surface finely tuberculated, 
each tubercle giving out a fine and short hair; color of body green ; a 
darker medio-dorsal stripe, and on either side of this a pale green band on 
the outer edge of which is a yellow-green stripe; these stripes and bands 
occupy the whole dorsal area; on the side a pale green band through 
which runs a yellow line; along base a yellow stripe ; feet and legs pale 
green ; head obovoid, the top narrow, and on each vertex a long, tapering, 
conical process or horn, the two meeting at base; whole surface rough 
with fine tubercles, each with short hair; color of head yellow-green, the 
horns red ; down the front of the latter from near the tip a brown stripe, 
which passes down the side of face to the ocelh. 





The only larva I have been able to raise to maturity died before chry- 


salis, so that I am not at present able to describe that stage. 

Canthus does not fly in W. Va., and I was indebted to Mr. Chas. E. 
Worthington, of Chicago, for the first eggs and larve I obtained. The 
eggs were laid by females tied in a bag over grass, 11th to 13th July, 1879. 
When they reached me, 2oth, by mail, some eggs were still unhatched. In 
all there had been about 50. ‘They were laid ona species of coarse grass 
growing near the border of Lake Michigan, but the larve eat lawn grass 
readily. ‘The first moult was passed 27th July; the second znd Aug., the 
third 16th Aug.; but at each stage some larvee lagged behind, so that the 
third moult came on at various dates up to 2nd Sept. The color of all 
the larvee was green till after third moult, when the first which had passed 
that moult, within 24 hours after it, changed to buff and brown, and 31st 
Aug., these were evidently fixed for hybernation. | But two which passed 
the moult latest went on to fourth moult, one of them having changed to 
buff like those first mentioned, and passed fourth on roth Sept., the other 
retaining its original color. ‘This last passed fourth on 17th Sept., and 
about 24 hours after, it also had changed to buff. One of these escaped, 
and the other went into hybernation, but died during the winter. — I lost 
indeed all the larvae of the brood. 


= 
( 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 6 


On 25th July, 1881, I again received eggs from Mr. Wm. E. Gallagher, 
of Whitings, Lake Co., Ind. When I opened the box there were about 
35 newly hatched larve. Another smaller lot came from same source rst 
Aug. From one cause or other, the most efficient being minute spiders in 
the sod, and which I discovered only when too late, I had but 3 of these 
larvee on 30th Aug., all past third moult. They retained their green color 
until a few hours after that moult, then turned buff. I sent one of these 
to Mrs. Peart, in Philadelphia. 3y roth Sept., both my larve were in 
lethargy. I recorded on roth Sept., that one of them had shifted its 
position. The same thing occurred 29th Sept.; and on rst of Oct., the 
same uneasy larva left the grass and climbed four inches up the glass 
cylinder which covered it. On 12th Noy., this larva had moved again, and 
next on 4th Dec. Meanwhile the one which had been sent to Phila- 
delphia behaved differently, and went on to fourth moult, passing it 27th 
Oct. One of my two died, but the other I brought into a warm room on 
13th Feb. (temp. outside 65°), and placed in the sun. In about fifteen 
minutes it moved and soon after had eaten. When brought in, it 
was much shorter and smaller than when it went into lethargy. It had 
been .6 inch then in length, now it was less than .4 inch. By 25th Feb., 
it had reached .5 inch, and 2nd March had fully recovered its former 
length, .6 inch. Early in March, it began to change color, and by the 6th 
had become green. It reached .66 inch before it passed fourth moult, which 
occurred 24th March. The larva which had passed the winter in Phila- 
delphia had escaped, and I sent this last survivor of the brood to Mrs. 
Peart. It passed. fifth moult 25th April, and continued to feed, by the 
7th May becoming full grown. After which it did not increase in size, 
seemed to be at rest all the time, and finally died 2nd July, before pupa- 
tion. So that the egg which had been laid in the middle of July pro- 
duced a larva which had not pupated znd July the next year. So pro- 
tracted are the stages in several of the Neonymphe larve that rearing 
them becomes excessively tedious, the more so as during the months when 
they are feeding they require daily looking after. 

When at rest, the Canthus larve, as do those of all this genus, have 
their heads turned down and under, so that the horns are nearly in same 
plane as the dorsum, after the fashion of Apatura larve. When feeding, 
Canthus has the tails elevated at about 45°, and separated. They rested 
much on the glass cylinder at times, especially just before and during the 
moults, and spun for these occasions quite a web on which to support 


68 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


themselves. When weaving, the larva made a circular motion with its 
head, all the time advancing slowly, and the result was a succession of 
loops like figs. 8. 

T have now bred from the egg every species of Neonympha found east 
of the Mississippi River and north of Texas to the Rocky Mountains, in 
all cases but Canthus obtaining chrysalids. These species are Zurytris, 
Sosybius, Areolatus, Gemma and Canthus.* Of Henshawii | received, in 
summer of 1881, eggs from Mr. Doll, in Arizona. They were dead, and 
no larve had been hatched. The shape of the egg was like that of Caz- 
thus, but there was a fine net work of lines over the surface, as in Gemma. 
In fact, the eggs of the six species spoken of are alike in shape, almost 
globular, flattened at the bottom, and all but Canthus show distinct 
reticulations over the surface. The larve fall into groups, Cavtius and 
Gemma forming one, then Arcolatus one, Lurytris one, Sosybius one, this 
last coming nearest the true Satyrids (A/ofe, &c.). The heads of the 
young larvee, from egg, are round, or truncated ovoid, and except Sosydzus, 
all have processes on vertices at this stage. Gemma begins with a pair of 
high, divergent, conical horns. At first moult, these are of same descrip- 
tion, but higher in proportion, and the horns are retained to last stage. 
Canthus, at first, has on each vertex a depression, and out of the middle 
of this rises a low cone. But at first moult, the larva takes on a pair of 
long, conical horns, and carries them through all stages. Arco/atus begins 
with an ovid knob on vertex, and two others smaller down each side of 
face. At first moult, there is a low cone on vertex and those on face are 
suppressed. And essentially the same sort of process runs through all 
subsequent stages. In the last, it is small, short and pomted. urytris, 
at first, has a round head, shaped like a Satyrus, but on vertex is a 
rounded knob. After first moult the shape of head changes to the Neo- 
nympha type, sub-ovoid, truncated, and the knob is continued. Same in 
next two stages, but at fourth moult (and last) these processes are a little 
longer, pointed and compressed. Sosybzws begins with a round head, no 
processes on vertex, and goes through all stages in same manner. Canthus 
and Gemma are long and very slender, and both change from green to 
brown when about to hybernate, and back to green again after the hyber- 
nation, and before a moult. <Arco/atus also is long and slender. But 
Eurytris and Sosybius are stout, and more in shape like S. Adope. The 





* All these have been described, as to their preparatory stages, in this magazine, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 69 








chrysalids of Areo/atus, Hurytris and Sosybius have the same general shape 
of .S. A/ope,; stout and short, with the anterior end truncated, almost cut 
squarely off beyond mesonotum. But Gemma is long, slender, with the 
head case produced, and ending in two long conical processes like the 
horns of the larve. Probably Canthus will be found to have a chrysalis 
of this description. Debis Port/andia, in all its stages, comes very near 
Neonympha. In the first two stages it most resembles Canthus ; after 
that, Canthus and Gemma. Its chrysalis is of the Satyrid type, very like 
that of A/ope. The egg differs from all the species somewhat. It is of 
the same general shape, however, but has a rounded protuberance on the 
under side, and a smooth surface. Judging by the preparatory stages of 
Portlandia, Debis ought te stand next Neonympha in the catalogues, 
instead of being separated from it by several genera, as Coenonympha and 
Erebia. ‘The preparatory stages of these two genera I only know from 
European authors, but species of both have barrel-shaped, ribbed eggs, 
and caterpillars with round heads, and no processes on vertices. These 
agree, therefore, with Satyrus, and the genera should stand near Satyrus. 

The more I see of the preparatory stages of butterflies, the more I am 
impressed that no system of arrangement is a true one which does not 
consider these. Each unquestionably natural genus in the American 
diurnals is as distinct in its several stages as in the imago, so far as these 
are known. Between such genera fall some others less clearly defined, 
with the stages spoken of lying midway between also ; as Euptoieta, which 
has the egg of an Argynnis, but the chrysalis of a Meliteea, while the larva 
is neither one or the other, though resembling Argynnis somewhat. 


THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEMISTRINID:. 
BY S. W. WILLISTON, NEW HAVEN, CONN. 


The family of Nemistrinide comprises throughout the world one hun- 
dred and ten described species, six or seven of which are from Southern 
Europe and three from North America; the remainder nearly equally 
distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and South America. In their habits, 
so far as known, the species approach the Bombylidz most closely, as also 
do many in their general appearance. Structurally they are of interest to 


70 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





the Dipterologist, on account of their intricate and diverse neuration, which 
in some species is almost Neuropter-like in the reticulation. 

Doubtless the number of our species will be augmented by future dis- 
coveries, but yet we can never expect a very material increase. 

Our three described species, to which I here add a fourth, may be 
diagnosed as follows. I have never seen Macquart’s species, but it may 
be distinguished without difficulty. 


A. Proboscis short, protruding but little from the opening of the 
mouth. Antenne small, short, broadly separated ; wings not reticulate, 
three submarginal cells, the outer posterior one closed before the border 
of the wing, first posterior cell open, fourth (the one just behind the 
discal cell) closed, anal cell narrowly open. 

a. Eyes pilose, second posterior cell open.—A/irmoneura brevirostris. 

aa. Eyes bare, second posterior cell closed before the border of the 
wing. FT. ( Parasymmictus) clausa O.S. 

B. Proboscis long, directed backwards. Face without protuberance ; 
antenne small, short, very broadly separated, third joint nearly orbicular, 
style of three joints. Eyes bare, contiguous in the male; ovipositor of 
female with two slender diverging lamelle. Wings not reticulate, three 
submarginal cells, the outer ones open, first posterior cell open, fourth 
closed, the anal cell open. 

6. Third joint of antenne nearly orbicular, or slightly pear-shaped, 
third joint of style not much longer than first two together; second 
posterior cell closed and petiolate. Abdomen indistinctly fasciate. Length 
gm. Rhynchocephalus Sackent, W\stn. 

6b. Third joint of antennz obtusely oval, third joint of style three 
times as long as first two together. Wings more slender, second posterior 
cell open. Abdomen distinctly fasciate. Length 12m. 2&. volaticus, 

sp. nov. 


Flirmoneura brevirostris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 1, 108, 8 ; Tab. 
20, fig. 1. Yucatan. This species differs from the type of Azrmoneura 
(HZ. obscura (W.) Meig.) in the pilosity of the eyes, and closed second 
submarginal cell. © Baron Osten Sacken mentions (Cat. Dipt. note 142) 
that he had seen a specimen of Af@rmoneura from Colorado with the 
second posterior cell open. It is possibly this, but I suppose a new species. 

Ff. clausa, O. Sacken, Western Dipt. 225, Texas. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 71 


Syn. Parasymmictus clausus, Bigot, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1879, No. 8 ; 
Annales 1881, p. 15. 

The genus //rmoneura has been used in a wide sense, but if such 
characters are made use of as serve to distinguish genera in allied families, 
most of the species would become generic types. ‘The closed sub- 
marginal and second posterior cells in this species have induced Bigot to 
make it the type of a new genus, but the same reasons would require new 
generic names for //. drevirostris and the species of Rhynchocephalus 
described below. For the present, therefore, I believe it will be better to 
hold Parasymmictus im abeyance. 

Rhynchocephalus Sackeni, W\stn., Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. iv. p. 243, 
1880. 

Belongs in the division with closed second posterior cell, to which A. 
Tauschert Fischer, the type, pertains. A male specimen from Washington 
Territory, since received, has the proboscis considerably shorter, the eyes 
nearly contiguous near the ocelli, ocelli with a conspicuous tuft of black 
pile and the style of the antennz very indistinctly jointed, even under a 
compound lens. 





Fic. 4.—Wing of Rhynchocephalus volaticus, Wistn.—a, third submarginal cell ; 
b, c, d, e, f, first-filth posterior cells. 


Rhynchocephalus volaticus, sp. Nov. 


@. Black with light yellowish pile. Head brownish black, thickly 
clothed with pile. Front thinly blackish pilose on the upper part ; on the 
lower part, the face, cheeks and occiput with abundant sulphur yellow pile ; 
antenne short, reddish yellow, first joint concealed by the pile, second 
joint sub-quadrate, third joint obtusely oval; first joint of style very 
short, second about twice as long, third joint three or four times as long 
as first two together. Proboscis reaching about to hind coxe. Thorax 
brownish black, clothed with the same sulphur yellow pile, abundant and 
bushy on the pleurae and pectus, on the dorsum thinner, the ground color 


a2 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





showing through. © Abdomen short and broad, brownish black ; second 
segment above thickly yellow pilose in the front part, behind more or less 
black, its hind border and the hind borders of the remaining segments 
conspicuously fringed with white tomentum ; second, third and fourth with 
black somewhat intermixed with yellowish tomentum ; remaining segments 
more or less clothed with yellowish pile, third and fourth segments on the 
sides with conspicuous tufts of black pile. Lamellae of the ovipositor 
slender, black, about as long as intermediate femora. Legs brown, femora 
concealed by abundant yellow pile, especially in the proximal parts, tips 
yellowish, hind’ tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings hyaline, more slender 
than those of A. .Sackevz, first and second submarginal, and first and second 
posterior cells open, third and fifth [ying along the posterior margin, separ- 
ated by the vein running into the posterior border. Length 12 m., of 
wings 11 m. ‘l'wo specimens, Florida, Prof. Riley. 

When denuded, the second and third segments of the abdomen may 
show a large reddish spot on each side; they are probably not, however, 
a constant mark. ‘This species agrees with 2. caucasicus, Fischer, in 
having the second posterior cell open. 

The three other species of this genus now known are 2. Tauscher, 
Fischer, and &. cawcasicus, Fischer, from Southern Russia and Asia Minor; 
and #. albofasciatus, Wied., whose habitat is unknown. That volaticus 
is not the same as albefasciatus seems evident from the description of the 
abdomen. ‘The white fasciae are on the extreme hind borders, with the 
remainder of each segment black, while in Wiedemann’s species the 
white fasciae are in front. 


ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALPINA) TO HELIOTHINA® 
BY A. R. GROTE. 


Since the groups are very difficult of scientific definition in the /Voc- 
tuide, the present must not be considered as standing on more than a 
comparative basis. In my New Check List the genera are arranged 
between the Ca/pine and Feliothine. ‘The arrangement I would only 
modify by restricting the Ca/p/n@ to the North American genera—Ca/pe, 
with one species, perhaps the same as the European, and PAiprosopus, 
with the species ca//itrichoides, called a Geometrid by Zeller, and which 
in outline has a resemblance to the aberrant Noctuid genus Doryodes, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 73 


which I have placed among the Vowagrtine, or Nonagriade of Dr. Harris. 
The group which | have called S¢/r/7zw is in some measure intermediate 
between the Ca/pine and Plusiine. The fact that the tibiae are often 
armed with a claw (S¢ir/a, Basi/odes) may be taken as an approximation 
to the He/iothine, where the tibiae are usually armed and have the tibiae 
spinose. 

The typical genus of the //usiine, Plusia, has a wide distribution and 
is numerous in species. The type is the European P. chrysitis, and we 
owe the generic name to Fabricius. I would refer the student to my Cata- 
logue of May, 1874, where | have been at pains to give the date and the types 
of the genera then described. ‘This labor will, I think, be found to have been 
well expended, and to afford a good and reliable basis for the generic 
synonymy. However we may extend or alter the contents of the genera, 
it is well to keep the real meaning of the generic names before us by a 
reference to the type. We can thus judge how far we are willing to 
depart from the typical structure for the purpose of getting good working 
genera. I add here the generic types since 1874 and arrange the genera 
as follows. I do not think the labial palpi of P/wszodonta are really inter- 
mediate in form between Ca/pe and Plusia, but it is not unreasonable to 
follow with that genus. 

The two groups or sub-groups differ as follows : Front often prominent, 
rough, with a roughened projection, sometimes circular, cup-like, or hardly 
depressed, or with a central elevation ; again with a superior ridge or a 
tubercle ; labial palpi weak, with the terminal joint conical or concealed ; 
abdomen smooth, untufted, often with exserted ovipositor. The infra- 
clypeal plate is pronounced.  S¢tir77ne. 

Front smooth, tibiae unarmed; palpi moderately long, with pointed 
third joint; vestiture more hairy; body often tufted on dorsal line. 
Plustine. 

a. Stirine. 
BasILobes Guen. (1852). 

Zype: Basilodes Pepita Guen. 

Eyes naked, unlashed. Thorax quadrate; patagia deflected at tips. 
Vestiture consisting of hair-like scales, mixed with broader scales and with 
short, broad, underlying scales on thorax. Fore tibiae not truncated, with 
a single terminal claw ; middle and hind tibiae unarmed. Body untufted ; 
abdomen terminating in a somewhat sudden slope to the extruded ovi- 
positor. Palpi hairy, projecting beyond the front, with conical third joint. 


74 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Clypeus full, rising to a black wrinkled protuberance, circular, a little 
depressed on top with the rim hardly raised. Wings of the usual Puasa 
shape, pointed at tips, and the primaries are rather broad, outer margin 
full. 

1. Pepita Guen. West Virginia; Kansas. 

2. Chrysopis G7. Arizona. 

The first species is larger, fore wings metallic, golden, with fine 
ordinary lines; the latter paler, smaller, with a golden lustre over sub- 
terminal space. ‘The relationship between this and the following genera 
is expressed by the fine oblique lines crossing primaries. 

SvTiriA Grote (1874). 

Type: Stiria Rugifrons Gr. 

Eyes naked, unlashed. Front with infra-clypeal plate noticeable and 
with a cordate impression having a raised tubercle, in the type near the 
lower edge, and in Sw/phurea more central. Labial palpi with third joint 
concealed, less prominent than in 4as?/odes, from which this differs by the 
character of the frontal excavation. Legs unarmed, fore tibiae with a 
terminal claw. Wings wide with a /7uséa-like tooth at internal angle of 
primaries. ‘Thorax somewhat short and quadrate, like Aasz/odes, the 
tegulae a little more deflected at tips. The characters are fully given 
Bull. B.S. N. S., 73, 1874, where I failed to note its resemblance to 
Basilodes for the simple reason that I did not then know that genus. Both 
species are yellow with frosted purple patches and terminal space, the type 
larger and paler.  Sw/phurea intense yellow, somewhat more lustrous, 
smaller, and the purply patches hardly frosted. 

1. Rugifrons Gv. Kansas ; Colorado. 

2. Sulphurea Meum. Arizona. 

STIBADIUM Gr. (1874). 

Differs by the infra-clypeal plate being more prominent, the labial palpi 
shorter. The clypeus is elevated and furnished with a moderate impres- 
sion, more like that of Basz/odes than Stiria. Like .Stiréa, the primaries 
are produced at internal angle, but the wing is a little narrower, with 
straighter costal edge than either of the other genera. The fore tibiae 
have a terminal claw; the eyes are naked and full. The characters 
separating these three genera are mainly comparative, and they may be 
optionally held to indicate groups in a single genus, which must then take 
the name of the first genus. The type is uniformly pearly fuscous and 


~jI 
a | 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





looks a good deal like the common Gortyna nebris; in Aureolum, a much 
prettier species, the subterminal field is pale golden yellow and thus 
approaches S¢777a; the 2 ovipositor is exserted. 

1. Spumosum Gr. Kansas ; Illinois. 

2. Aureolum Ay. Ldw. Arizona. 


Fata Gr. (1875). 
Type: F. Ptycophora Gr. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 425. 
I have figured the single species in my Illustrated Essay, and the 
diagnosis is given as above. 
1. Ptycophora Gr. California. 


PLAGIOMIMICUS Gr. (1873). 


Type: P. Pityochromus G7. 

Front with an empty and exposed cup-shaped protuberance, the frontal 
scales being short and mossy. A slender terminal claw on front tibiz. 
In Zepperi the frontal excavation is less prominent, but otherwise this 
species agrees. As compared with the preceding genera, the three species 
are slenderer and have a casual resemblance to the Heliothid genera 
Schinia and Lygranthoecia. As in Stibadium the labial palpi are short, 
here they hardly reach the top of the more prominent infra-clypeal plate 
in the more typical forms. The species are olivaceous fuscous (Pityo- 
chromus, Expallidus ), or of a delicate olivaceous green ( Zepperi). Both 
Mr. Morrison and Mr. Smith wrongly give the fore tibiz of Zepper7 as 
unarmed. 

1. Pityochromus Gy. Mass. to Kansas and the South. 

Schinia media Morr. 
. Expallidus Gy. Montana. 

3. Tepperi 47077. Southern States, Arizona. 

This genus may be considered as a division of Basz/odes with the 
others which I have associated with it. The primaries do not show the 
tooth of St77za. The course of uniting these genera seems to me not 
unadvisable, but the fate of one must be that of them all. Although the 
characters are principally the same and only offer comparative differences, 
allowing no value to the tooth or the modifications in shape of primaries, it 
is not a little singular that each has two or more species united by struc- 
tural detail, general appearance, color and pattern, all, properly speaking, 
rather sub-generic than generic characters. The best marked seems to me 
Plagiomimicus, where the cup-like clypeus is rather narrower, much 


Ny 


76 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








exposed, and the infra-clypeal plate is prominent, not exceeded by the 
short labial palpi, and v/a, where the cup has a strong tubercle. Basé/- 
odes has the terminal palpal article conical and prominent, and apparently 
differs from the rest in this respect. 


CHAMAECLEA Gr. (1883). 
Type: C. Pernana G7. 


Allied to the genera typical of the .S¢/r77ne by the bulging clypeus 
and Plusia-shaped wings. Front with a slight depression, rising in the 
middle. Vestiture scaly. Tibize unarmed; in all the examples I have 
seen the fore legs are broken off. Fore wings wide, produced at internal 
angle. The tegule are not deflected; the thorax short. { antenne 
simple. 

_ . PernanaGy. Arizona. ‘This genus is curious for the way in which 
Chamaecla Pernana mimics Chariclea Delphinii. 


CIRRHOPHANUS G7. (1872). 


Type: C. Tnangulifer Gr. 

The eyes are full, naked, unlashed. The clypeus has a central 
rounded tubercle. ‘The vestiture consists of hair-like scales with broader 
ones, arranged like shingles, rising from the thorax, which is short and in 
shape allies the moth to this group. ‘The fore tibiz are also not truncate, 
but as long as in the preceding genera and unarmed. ‘The parts of the 
thorax resemble the preceding genera, but there is a divided posterior 
tuft. The patagia are not as deflected as in Plagiomimicus, but do not 
lie close to the thorax. The female ovipositor is not exserted. The 
abdomen is untufted. ‘The labial palpi have the terminal joint concealed 
and are not unlike though longer, the palpi of the genera separated here 
from Basi/odes, but unlike that genus. The antennz have the basal joint 
scaled. The palpi are rather thickly haired. ‘The tibia are unarmed. 
Wings ample, without tooth, rounded exteriorly, with blunt apices, and 
running in a little and forming a prominent angle at internal margin. The 
genus seems to be somewhat intermediate between the preceding and 
Plusia. ‘Vhe species is golden-yellow with orange-brown lines disposed 
somewhat like the European Chariclea Delphiniz. 

tr. Triangulifer Gy. Ohio, Missouri. 

Pretiosa Morr. (Chariclea). 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. a 





Figured in my Illustrated Essay under Chariclea. 1 believe that 
Pyrrhia of Speyer, Hubner and myself, of which the type is the European 
Umbra, and of which we have three congeneric American forms, #xv- 
primens, Angulata and Stil/a, is a different genus from Chariclea Kirby, 
of which the type I take to be the European De/phiniz. 1 originally 
referred the moth as allied to Gortyva, and it may yet be better placed 
there when its early stages are known. 

Acopa Harvey (1875). 

Type: Acopa Carina Harvey. 

In this genus the body is linear and slight, the tibiz unarmed, ocelli 
small, male antennee brush-like with distinct joints, thorax with a tuft 
behind (in which it resembles the Heliothid genera Oxycnemis and 
Triocnemis), abdomen untufted, linear. The neuration is somewhat dis- 
tinctive. Fore wings 12-veined with accessory cell, from the outer apex 
of which spring veins 7 and 8, 9 out of 8, a long furcation to costa. Hind 
wings 7-veined ; median 3-branched; 8 out of 7 not far from the base. 
Vhe legs are slender, tibiae unarmed. Dr. Harvey gives the characters in 
the Buffalo Bulletin, and figures the type from a Texan example. The 
species are white, hoary or pallid. I have seen the type of /wcana, which 
is sufficiently distinct in appearance, but from its vague markings looks 
like some suffused varieties, as for instance, var. Planus of Anytus 
Sculptus. Carina is the smaller species ; the type had the secondaries 
dark fuscous, but another specimen was paler. erpadlida is much 
stouter, the lines different, and it differs structurally in the smaller acces- 
sory cell on fore wings. It is chalky white, shaded with ochrey, and with 
narrow fuscous lines, the median farther apart than in Carina. ; 

1. Carina Harvey. Texas. 

. Perpallida Gr. Kansas. 


3. Incana Hy. Edw. Arizona. 
(To be Continued.) 


bo 


2 





MEETING OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA. 

A meeting of the above Society is to be held in Ottawa on the 22nd 
inst., When it is expected that many valuable papers will be presented. 
The Royal Society having honored the Entomological Society of Ontario 
by placing its name on the list of Societies who may send a delegate to 
take part in the proceedings, the Council have chosen Mr. James Fletcher, 


78 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


of Ottawa, as the representative of our Society. We would call attention 
to the following letter from Mr. Fletcher :— 


My Dear Sir,—Having been honored by the Council of the Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario by being nominated as the delegate to 
represent that Society at the approaching meeting of the Royal Society of 
Canada, I shall feel obliged if any members who are desirous of availing 
themselves of the privilege extended by the Royal Society of having 
papers read before that learned body, will correspond with me without 
delay, so that I may make the necessary arrangements. 

I am, my dear sir, yours truly, 
J. FLETCHER. 


STL TERRE TT ELITE EPRI TIBET ST TPR RSE BT TET 
OBITUARY. 


It becomes our painful duty to announce the death of one of the 
founders of our Society and its first President, Prof. Henry Croft. He 
died at Hermanitas, Texas, on the 28th of April, of dropsy, aged 63 
years. Ever since the organization of our Soeiety he has taken the 
deepest interest in its welfare. Early in life while in Europe he was an 
ardent collector, devoting most of his attention to Hymenoptera ; but 
after accepting the position of Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
Toronto, which he filled with much credit for many years, his time was so 
fully occupied with his professional duties as to leave him but little 
opportunity for entomological pursuits. Yet he never lost his interest in 
this, his favorite department of natural history. For many years past his 
eyesight had failed to such an extent as to prevent his collecting, and his 
health also was too poor to permit of it. Several years ago he resigned 
his position in the University and removed to ‘Texas with his family, with 
the hope of benefiting his health. His death was quite unexpected. 
One of his much esteemed colleagues thus writes of him: ‘ His last letter 
to me, written about ten days before his death, showed much of his old 
interest in natural history, some of his familiar humor, and a_ kindly 
interest in his friends here. I look back with pleasure on many years of 
work with him as a colleague. I ever found him genuinely straight- 
forward, guileless and upright.” His memory will ever be cherished by 
those of us who knew him well as a kind and disinterested friend. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 9 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Although the snow still heavily shrouds the earth, and the air is frosty, 
the stern, cold sway of winter must soon be ended, and naturalists will 
again go forth into the fields and forests. Before entering, however, on 
the coming campaign, I would like to record for my fellow collectors a few 
facts culled from my copious notes of the past one. ‘The spring of 1882 
was very backward, so that insects were unusually scarce during April and 
May. On the other hand, the autumn was prolonged and fine, and many 
species could be collected up to the end of October. On April 25th, I 
carefully searched the pines for Buprestide (which at the same date in 
1881 were abundant), but could not find a single specimen. On May 
rith, a second investigation resulted in the finding of only two specimens 
of Chalcophora liberta, Germ. On June 6th, this species was abundant, 
and several specimens of C. a7-ginzensis, Dr., and Chrysobothris Harrisit, 
Hentz, were also taken. C. virgintensis, Dr., C. liberta, Germ., and C. 
fortis, Lec., were taken again on several days between September 24th 
and October 16th. On April 30th, Tiger Beetles were making their ap- 
pearance, and some specimens of C. vulgaris, Say, were taken just 
emerging from their winter quarters in the sand, under stones and chips. 
C. sex-guttata, Fab., as is well known, frequents paths and clearings in 
woods. On wet or dull days it may often be found sheltered under the 
loose bark of fallen trees, or in the deserted burrows of borers, down 
which it retreats when disturbed. While stripping the bark from a large 
prostrate maple on May 22nd, to obtain larvee, I captured three of these 
beautiful beetles, which had thus been driven to shelter by a shower. The 
tree yielded numerous specimens of Hupsal?s minuta, Drury, and some 
pupee of Saperda tridentata, Oliv., from which imagos emerged on June 
r5th. On June 16th, while beating the branches of a butternut, I found 
upon my net a Curculio (blackish with an oblique white dash on each 
elytron), which was new to me, but could find no more upon the tree. As 
[ was leaving the field in which it stood to enter an adjoining wood, I saw 
upon the gate-post a similar weevil, and a glance around showed me a 
large butternut growing but a short distance away, and having a large dead 
limb resting on the fence. I at once concluded that the weevils had come 
from this, and, on examining the decaying limb, hundreds of the beetles 
were found upon it. On a length of only five or six feet I took fifty, 
nearly all of which were paired and copulating. The beetle proves to be 
Pseudomus truncatus, Lec. On the 21st I took two specimens of Cepha- 


su THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





/oon lepturoides, Newm., as well as several of Dendroides concolor, Newm., 
and other fine species. Among the beetles mentioned by Dr. Le Conte 
as bred from hickory twigs, is Chariessa pilosa, Forst. During the latter 
part of June and the following month numerous specimens of this hand- 
some beetle were observed upon felled and old hickories. They were very 
active,—coursing about in search of prey, and doubtless destroying many 
insect enemies of this tree. One was seen devouring an Agri/us egenus, 
Gory, and a second feasting on A/agdalis barbita, Say, both injurious and 
abundant species. The delicate and rare Buprestis, Pacrlonota cyanipes. 
Say, was captured on June 22nd, upon a dead willow, which I hope may 
yield me more during the coming season. On the same day a very fine 
female Bellamira scalaris, Say, was taken ovipositing on an old maple 
stump. Beating low bushes on the margins of a small lake yielded 
numerous species, including Cupes concolor, Westw., the only specimen of 
this family which I have yet taken. During September the Locust-borer, 
Cyllene robinie, Forst., was very abundant in all parts of the city. Al- 
though I had never previously captured the beetle, I knew from the 
decayed condition of our locust trees (which are not numerous), that it 
must infest them. In the latter part of the month, Qcanthus niveus 
was, as is usual, in large numbers on raspberries, and in full song, if we 
can so designate its musical performance. An interesting feature of its 
concerts: is one of which I have not been able to find any mention in 
books accessible. While the male is energetically shuffling together its 
wings, raised almost vertically, the female may be seen standing just 
behind it, and with her head applied to the base of the wings, evidently 
eager to get the full benefit of every note produced. On October 7th, I 
discovered in the seeds of the basswood some lepidopterous larvae of 
which I would be glad to hear from members studying lepidoptera, as I 
can find no mention of any moth attacking the fruit of this tree. Do the 
larvee leave the seeds, and, as they have the power to do, lower them- 
selves to the ground, or do they remain until the seeds fall from the tree ?. 
The seeds are completely eaten out, and I noticed in a double-seeded fruit 
that after finishing one seed, the larva proceeded to the other. 


Ottawa, 30th March, 1883. W. HacurE HARRINGTON. 


P. S.—I would like to obtain, by exchange or purchase, a copy of the 
First Report of the Society, to complete my set of its publications. 


(Printed May 11th, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 





VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., MAY, 1883. No. 5 











INSECTS INJURIOUS TO DRUGS. 
BY WILLIAM EDWIN SAUNDERS, PH. G. 
{From an Inaugural Essay presented to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy.| 


In this paper is given simply what has been noted by the writer during 
a study of these insects extending over more than a year. 

Sivodrepa panicea.—This is the elliptical, reddish-brown beetle, about 
one-eighth of an inch long, which is found in almost every edible drug, 
and in some, such as aconite root and capsicum, that would be pro- 
nounced far from edible. In addition to these two drugs, I have found it 
in bitter almonds, sweet almonds, angelica, boneset, calumba, chamomile, 
chocolate, coriander, dandelion, elm bark, ergot, extract of licorice, 
German chamomile, orris root, prince’s pine, rhubarb, squill, and sweet 
flag. 

The larva is white, with a brown head, is about twice as long as the 
beetle when full grown, although it is seldom or never seen stretched out 
at full length, always remaining curled up in a ball. It will in time fairly 
honeycomb a piece of root with small holes about one-twenty-fifth of an 
inch in diameter, at the end of which it is generally to be seen at home. 
Under the influence of camphor, these larvee become uneasy, but being 
apparently unable to crawl away, resign themselves to their fate, and seem 
to thrive just as well with camphor as without it. 

Calandra remotopunctata.—This is a small, black beetle, about the 
size of the last, with what is popularly termed a *‘ snout,” projecting from 
_the front of the head downwards. Under the microscope the back, thorax, 
and head are seen to be finely pitted, giving the insect a rough appearance. 
It was found in large numbers, the larva feeding on pearl barley, inside of 
which it lives, the egg being probably laid in the grain by the parent, and 
on hatching, the little insect makes its home there, eating all but the shell, 
and sometimes attacking the grain from the outside. 


’ 


Tenebrioides mauritanica, a species of “ meal-worm,” was found in 


pearl barley, and one specimen in calumba, It is a dark brown beetle, 


82 THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


five-sixteenths of an inch long, the head and thorax forming nearly half the 
total length, and the mouth being fringed with hair. The back, which at 
first sight appears perfectly smooth, proves to be, when examined under 
the microscope, longitudinally corrugated. The larva is nearly half an 
inch long, white, with a brown head, and between the jaws is a row of hair 
as in the perfect insect. The posterior end is furnished with a pair of 
claspers. 


Trebolium ferrugineum is a flat, reddish-brown beetle, about one- 
eighth of an inch long, appearing smooth to the naked eye, though the 
microscope shows the back numerously pitted. These insects affect 
patent foods and similar substances, and the beetles are possessed of 
remarkable longevity, as proved by the fact that I have kept a few alive 
for two months ina small box with a little ceralina, which seems to be 
their favorite food. Whether the beetles themselves eat it or not I do not 
know, but they certainly have a liking for the dead bodies of other beetles. 


Silvanus surinamensis is a narrow, brown beetle, almost one-eighth of 
an inch long, with a pitted and longitudinally corrugated back. One 
specimen only was found, on anthemis. 


Anthrenus varius.—This insect has been found only in cantharides, 
but I believe, also attacks other animal drugs, such as castoreum. During 
the month of July there emerges from the egg a very active larva, densely 
covered on the tops of the segments with stiff brown hairs, which, at the 
posterior end, point towards the centre of the back, forming a ridge, and when 
the insect is annoyed, it has the power of dividing the ridge in the centre 
and throwing it down on each side in a fan-like position, the object of 
which movement could not be determined. When the insect has been 
feeding on the whole cantharides, all these hairs on the back become 
rubbed off, those forming the ridge being generally last to go, because, 
being on the downward slope of the body, they are not exposed to the 
same amount of friction. Underneath, however, the hairs are shorter, 
and do not become rubbed off as on the back. 


The larva consists of eleven segments, those at the ends being of a 
much deeper brown than those towards the middle, and the six legs being 
inserted on the three anterior segments, each furnished with a short, 
straight claw. The skins are shed quite often during the larval state, and 
are discarded by a slit nearly the length of the back, terminating indif- 
ferently at either end, and through which the insect emerges. “The shed 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 





skins present a beautiful iridescent appearance under the microscope when 
viewed by reflected light. 

These larve feed on the cantharides all winter, and if in quantity, 
commit great havoc, leaving only the hard exterior portions untouched, 
such as the upper portion of the thorax, the green wing cases, and trans- 
parent wings. When their legitimate food gives out they. have no com- 
punction about first eating their dead parents, and then each other, but on 
this diet they do not seem to thrive so well. 

The beetle emerges in May or June, and is about one-eighth of an inch 
long, oval and black, the upper parts being marbled and streaked with 
whitish and rufous, which are rubbed off after death if the insect is sub- 
jected to any rough usage. 

Camphor does not kill these larvee, and after keepmg some for a day 
in a small box about a quarter full of camphor, the only thing worthy of 
remark in their actions was that they did not seem quite so lively as those 
kept without it. That they have a distaste for it, however, is proved by 
the fact that some which were put in a box with holes in it, left the box 
during the night. The Pharmacopeeia direction to keep camphor with the 
cantharides is, therefore, not a vemedy, merely a preventive measure, and 
not a very good one either. ‘The vapor of chloroform rapidly kills them, 
so that by putting a small quantity of chloroform in a gallipot on the top 
of the infested cantharides, the heavy vapor will sink through it and 
destroy them. 

Norre.—The essay was accompanied with specimens of the larve, 
skins and beetles, mounted for examination by means of the micro- 
scope. 


mie, -PARASEER, OF PHY LL@RE RA VASTATRIX, SAND? THE 
GALL INSECT OF THE NETTLE TREE. 


BY REV. THOMAS W. FYLES, COWANSVILLE, P. Q. 


Upon request, I sent to Dr. H. A. Hagen specimens of the para- 
site of the Phylloxera, Dip/osis (?) grassator. At the same time I sent 
him specimens of the Psy//a described on page 198 of vol. xiv. Dr. 
Hagen favored me with information as follows :— 

“The fly is a Cectdomyia; I think it is not sure that it belongs to 
Diplosis. At least the reticulation of the wing differs in having the 


84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


median vein straight, and the fork at the hind margin wanting. You will 
see in Osten Sacken’s Catalogue that the museums do not possess this type 
for Cecidomyia. 1 have gone through the literature, and find till now your 
species is not described. ‘The larva is shrivelled up, therefore the trophi 
are not visible. 

‘Your other insect is Psy//a venusta, O. Sacken, raised by him, and 
described with its galls on Ce/t/s occidentalis.—F¥ettiner Entom. Zeit., 1861, 


” 


p- 422. 


With regard to the Psy//a, Mr. Fletcher’s note in the February num- 
ber reminds me that I ought to have mentioned that I found Ceétis occt- 
dentalis at Como, in Vaudreuil Co., in the grounds of Mr. I. J. Gibb, with 
whom I spent some time last year. I have not met with the tree at 
Cowansville. 

In Mr. Ashmead’s list of described Psyllidae, on page 222, vol. xii, 
there is no Ce/tid’s-mamma. And the doubt remains whether the Celtzdis- 
mamma of Prof. Riley is not the insect previously described by Osten 
Sacken under the name vevusta. Professor Riley seems satisfied that they 
are distinct species ; and it would be pleasing if we could regard him as 
infallible. 

Where does the Professor obtain the word Ce/tidis? The generic 
term Ce/f/s is obtained from the name of the African lote-tree, mentioned 
by Pliny, H. N. xiii, 17 in § 32: “ Africa arborem loton gignit quam 
vocant celtin et ipsam Italie familiarem.”  Ce/tin indicates Ce/tis as the 
genitive, and not Ce/fzdrs. 


MR. JOHN B. SMITH’S PAPER ON N. AM. HELIOTHIN/. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


For my part, | am very glad that a plate of tibial structure has at last 
been published, and by Mr. Smith. — It illustrates characters upon which I 
have long insisted, and is a valuable addition to the present ‘ Synopsis.” 
The second plate might well have been omitted; it hardly assists the 
student, and is badly drawn. ‘The ‘*Synopsis” itself is a gratification to 
me; it is scientifically written so far as the characters it discusses 
are concerned. Its difference from my own work in its conclusions 
are more apparent than real. Mr. Smith writes with a critical 
eye to my shortcomings, and really finds very little to say. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 85 


He quotes at some length a former statement of mine as_ to 
the spinose tibiz (made ten years ago), which | at once cor- 
rected on examining again the small insect under a larger lens. But he 
excuses other modern writers with worse mistakes to father. In stating 
the case fairly, he should have said that although Mr. Grote has been the 
first American to insist on the natural characters of spinose tibiae, yet once 
he called the tibia unarmed, where they were really spinose, but he 
promptly corrected the mistake. Mr. Smith calls my citing Rhododipsa 
volupia hardly “honest,” while he suppresses the fact that I twice described 
the moth as probably Fitch’s species, but Fitch’s description, as I ex- 
plained, will not fit my insect (figured in Illustrated Essay). In my list I 
only did to this eve what LeConte did throughout, viz., cite the authority 
for the combined terms. | differ from Mr. Smith as to the generic char- 
acters, and I desired to show that no new specific name was necessary, 
even if my species was not Fitch’s. With regard to the species, there is 
little variance with regard to their validity. The synonymy is mainly that 
of my Lists. Ido not believe that fers/midis is the same as villosa; at 
the same time I readily admit that da/da and acutilinea may be color forms 
of separata. Speyer considers, as I do, that avgudata is distinct from 
umbra (= exprimeus). Mr. Hy. Edwards informed me long ago that 
sueta and Californiensis were varieties. ‘The statement made by Mr. 
Smith that I resurrected 7/gonophora from Hubner, is incorrect. I took 
the genus from Lederer and Staudinger. I cannot understand why it is 
that Schinta Hubn, which | did “ resurrect,” is made to supercede my 
genera ; but I scarcely think that any one will callall the species “Schinia” 
that Mr. Smith puts under that genus. I can assure Mr. Smith that my 
little Z7mbadis is not related to Mr. Edwards’ constricta. From a small 
unset specimen I established the genus Z//nxyctis, without knowing of Mr. 
Hulst’s description of the moth as magdalena. The two, as Mr. Hy. 
Edwards has told me, are the same. My specimen was very poor, and I 
have it no longer to again go over its characters, which are, I believe, 
correctly given by me. ‘The collections I have determined will allow of 
every certainty as to my species, but I hope that my labels will be 
respected and not changed, as it is probable that Mr. Smith’s work will 
be modified. It is interesting as the first attempt to review from a 
scientific standpoint the material brought together by myself, and which 
there was frequently no opportunity to compare at the time of the 
original description of the species and genera. 


86 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ScHiniA Hubn. (1818). 
Zvpe: S. Trifascia Huda. 

The fore tibiz are short and stout, on the inside with a longer terminal 
claw followed by two unequal spinules; on the outside and shorter edge 
with two smaller sub-equal claws, the second the shorter, and a third, 
farther removed, between a spinule and a claw, a short broadish spinule. 
Front bulging, narrowly scaled, with infra-clypeal plate, no frontal tuber- 
cle. Eyes naked, unlashed; ocelli. Labial palpi slender. Vestiture 
mingled scales and hair. Middle and hind tibiz spinose. Abdomen 
untufted. 

Neither Rectifascia nor Gulnare, which resemble each other im mark- 
ings, probably belong here ; the latter I have never seen; the only speci- 
men of the former which I found in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection has the 
legs defective, the tibiae not bemg spinose as far as I can see. ‘The student 
is referred to my List (1874) for the types of the North American genera 
of Noctuide. 

LYGRANTHOECIA G. & R. (1873). 
Zype: Anthoecia Rivulosa Gwen. 

Fore tibiz with fine spinules on the inside, which is furnished with two 
sub-equal claws ; on the outside with a succession of four in diminishing 
series from the end of joint. ‘Tibiz spinose. Vestiture mixed scales and 
hair. Eyes naked, unlashed. ‘This genus differs by the armature from 
Schinia, but the frontal structure is the same. I may be wrong in con- 
sidering the variations of tibial armature to be of generic value. I was 
at work on Mr. Neumoegen’s collection, and had reached in part similar 
conclusions with Mr. Smith, who uses exactly the characters I do. It is 
a mistake to suppose I had reviewed all the genera in my List. I merely 
gradually added the new forms. I shall again refer more fully to Mr. 
Smith’s interesting paper. 


NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 
(Continued from Vol. xy., Page 31.) 
VANESSODES FUSCIPES, 0. S. 
gf. Allied to Clarus, but the body entirely griseous, concolorous with 
the fuscous gray wings, which are sub-diaphanous and differ only from 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 87 


those of C/arus by being a little wider, more irrorate and dusted by dark 
scales. Same size as C/arus, but easily separated by the abdomen not 
being yellow. One specimen. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Arizona. 
The antennz are not so heavily pectinated. There are no perceptible 
marks on the wings, which are not exactly of the same shade as those of 
Clarus, being more grayish. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) DEPROMARIA, N. S. 


qf. While C. Dataria resembles our Eastern C. Zarvaria in the 
course of the outer median black line, Defromaria has it more oblique 
and straighter, more like Pampéinaria, and this new species is much 
smaller, but of the same form as Datavia. Pale gray with the discal 
ringlets small. Lines narrow, black; outer line followed by a brown 
band, diffuse and even inferiorly, opposite cell, waved. S. t. line whitish, 
scalloped. Inner median line and median shade and outer median line 
running close together, a little confused and sub-parallel inferiorly at the 
middle of the wing, owing to the obliquity of the lines and the projection 
of the inner line. Hind wings like primaries, the mesial lines divergent 
superiorly, the outer followed by a brown shade. Body gray ; a mark on 
collar. Beneath the wings are paler, mottled, without lines and the four 
dark discal dots perceivable. A.wpanse 26 mil. Arizona. 

In ~ C. Datarvia the body is stouter, the mark on collar plainer, the 
disk of thorax somewhat blackish or smoky. _ ‘The t. p. line is thicker, 
everywhere distinct, running obliquely outwards and downwards opposite 
the cell, below which it is sinuous, projected about veins 2 to 3 ; the brown 
shade is also uneven ; the discal spot is larger on primaries, white, narrow 
and long ; the scalloped s. t. line is more distinctly white on both wings. 
Beneath pale gray with a thick mark on fore wings and a very slight one 
on secondaries ; there are traces of darker transverse Imes. C. Dataria 
expands 30 mil. In this latter the fine median shade is sharply angulated 
beyond the discal ringlet. I do not think it will be difficult to separate 
these two Western species from their congeners. 





PAPILIO WALSHII AND ABBOTIL, Epw. 
BY A. H. MUNDT, FAIRBURY,. ILLS. 


There seems to be a great lack of historical knowledge about the above 
insects in this State, at least as far as my observations are concerned. In 


2) 
oe) 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





several collections, even in that of the State Normal, have I found Papzdio 
telamonides labeled Walshii ; this, however, was in the year 1878 and ’79. 

Subsequent observations will show that it is no wonder that this insect 
has escaped the notice of many of our best collectors. 

Late in March, 1878, while walking through a thirty-five to forty-acre 
Pawpaw grove, near Pontiac, IIls., one bright and sunny morning, the 
ground being thinly covered with snow, which was rapidly disappearing 
under the influence of the sun’s genial warmth, Mr. W. H. Story and my- 
self were surprised to see a Wadshii flying up; but the air being cool, it 
soon alighted and was taken by us, a perfectly fresh example. In the 
afternoon two more were taken, and on every bright day up to near the 
middle of May we could have taken fresh examples of Wadshii and Abbott ; 
after that ¢e/amonides made its appearance and Wad/shiz became scarce, 
but I might mention here that in every five examples I have ever taken, at 
least two were Addoftz7. 

In 1879, the river had flooded this entire ground, and not one of the 
latter insects were found by us there; but, on a high piece of ground 
some three miles from Fairbury, I found Pawpaw timber in patches scat- 
tered here and there for over a mile, where I took a few specimens of the 
latter two varieties, but they were very scarce, and most of those taken 
later on were fe/amonides. 

In 1880, Mr. Story saw and took several of these Pap7/ios at Pontiac, 
and I took quite a number, but they did not appear then until early in 
April. A remarkable connection between Wadlshii and telamonides was 
observed that year, more than before or since ; at least half of the first 
that appeared were in size and wings real ¢e/amonides, but the tails were 
decidedly Wa/shii, and in some of these the tails were in length and shape 
like ¢eZamonides, but had the end only tipped with white, as in Wadshiz. 
Abbotii too were as much mixed, and the greatest variations in the extent 
of the red stripe on the upper secondaries existed in them. On writing 
these observations to Mr. Edwards, he decided that all of those with the 
least red on secondaries, forming a stripe, must be Abdotz7, and suggested 
that I should publish my observations. 

It will be remembered that during the winter of 1879 and 1880, the 
snow fell heavily and lay all winter until the warm spring rains melted it ; 
and though it was bitterly cold that winter, the ground where the snow 
had laid had not been frozen. This might have had some influence on the 
above variations. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 89 





The spring was very late that season when most of these Papelios 
appeared ; the buds were just beginning to show signs of forthcoming 
leaves, but on these and the branches were deposited numbers of eggs, 
chiefly on the latter. It is rare to find any on the branches when the 
leaves are well out. 


In 1881, the Vermillion River again overflowed the grounds at Pontiac, 
but the closest observations here at Fairbury, and at Pontiac, failed to 
show us a sign of Wadshii or Abbotii ; even telamonides was very scarce 
that season, but marce//us was quite plentiful from late in May throughout 
the season, but were much smaller at first than those of previous seasons 
or those coming later. 


In 1882, the weather was very unfavorable for these insects, and but 
few Walshii were seen. Mr. Story took a few at Pontiac, and I secured 
several about the same time ; even the most common form, marce/lus, 
was very scarce. I visited quite a number of Pawpaw groves, including 
the extensive bottoms near the Illinois River, but I could see no signs 
anywhere of larvee until the latter part of the season, when I found eggs 
on the young leaves of their food plant, and after that the leaves showed 
here and there where the larve had been at work, which in previous seasons 
could be seen throughout the warm weather. 


Mr. W. H. Edwards had written me two years before this, saying 
that “the late Benj. D. Walsh had told him, before his decease, that the 
butterfly named in honor of him was not found in this State,” and Mr. E. 
expressed the opinion that it was because no one had discovered how or 
when to look for it. 


It is therefore no wonder that this insect shduld have escaped the 
notice of other collectors, when such an enthusiast as our honored and 
lamented Prof. B. D. Walsh failed to find it. 


The parasites | have found infesting 7. ajax are a black ichneumon 
fly, rather large, belonging to the genus Avemalon, and another, perhaps a 
little smaller than the above, with a yellowish brown body and black shiny 
wings, Zrogus exesorius, Brull., species kindly identified for me by Prof. 
C. V. Riley. 


90) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





OBSERVATIONS ON ANTHRENUS VARIUS Fas., ANTHRENUS 
MUSAORUM Lin., TROGODERMA ORNATA Say, 
AND SITODREPA PANICEA Luin. 


BY JOHN HAMILTON, ALLEGHENY, PAN 


ANTHRENuS VarRius /aé.—Entomologists generally are well enough 
acquainted with the appearance of this insect, and but too well with the 
work of its larvee ; but as to the time required for its development there is 
not the same unanimity of knowledge,—some stating that it requires a 
year for its various transformations ; others, that only a few weeks are 
necessary. The following is my experience: May, 1879, I placed a 
female in a paper collar box with some refuse Coleoptera and Lepi- 
doptera. This box stood on the mantel-piece in my office, and conse- 
quently the temperature was nearly uniform summer and winter. An 
examination two months afterwards revealed several small larve. ‘These 
were inspected monthly, and appeared to have attained their growth by 
the 1st of December, though they remained active during the winter. 
The first pupze were observed March 5th, and the first beetle on the 26th. 
From that time to May rst thirty-five developed in all,—the product of 
this one beetle. Three females and two males were left in the box, and 
six weeks afterwards young larve were observed. ‘They were inspected 
monthly, and followed the same course as observed the previous year. 
From April to May, (1881), seventy-five beetles were taken from the box. 
How many were left is unknown. ‘The box was closed, and several 
months afterwards was found to be inhabited by countless multitudes of 
half-grown larve. These disclosed, as before, during the following April, 
(1882). The beetles and cast-off larvee skins nearly filled the box, and 
the original food was reduced to a powder. ‘They were numerous enough 
to have supplied all the cabinets on the globe. Box and all were con- 
signed to the flames. ‘This experiment shows that this insect is moder- 
ately prolific ; that it is annual, at least in this instance ; that it does not 
require water; that it can be propagated indefinitely without the male and 
female resorting to the open air, or tasting the sweets of flowers ; and 
that the larve do not seek to escape from confinement by gnawing out. 
Experimenters should use two close fitting telescopic boxes of different 
sizes, one within the other, so as to prevent any possible escape of the 
larvee. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. . 9] 





ANTHRENUS Mus&oRuM Lin. (Castanee Mels.)—This_ beetle is 
abundant in May and June on many flowering shrubs, especially Spireas. 
In May, 1881, also in May, 1882, a number of these beetles were placed 
in a box containing refuse insects, as had been done with Varius; but in 
neither year did larvee appear. In Europe this beetle has a bad record 
as a museum pest, (hence its name); but in this country I have seen no 
notice of sucha habit. If A7usworum and Castanee are identical, it is 
strange how its taste has changed so completely; and it would be 
interesting to know whether it has been imported, or is a native of both 
continents. In the latter case its European taste for natural history has 
probably been acquired. However, may they not really be different 
species having forms so nearly identical that the anatomical differences of 
structure have not yet been observed, as was the case formerly with 
several much larger beetles, notably several species of Lachnosterna, 
Cyllene pictus and robinie, &c.? 


Further experiments are contemplated with this species. 


TROGODERMA OrNATA Say.—April, 1879, found a full: grown Der- 
mestoid larva in a large insect-proof show case in my office. Length, 
6 mm.; shape, elongate, fusiform ; color, pale, except last three dorsal 
segments, blackish. Placed it in an empty wooden box that had con- 
tained petroleum ointment, giving it a couple of insects for food. Monthly 
inspection showed that it ate nothing; that it moulted frequently and 
became smaller. It died July, 1880, having shrunk to one-fourth its 
original size. Fifteen skins, some of them exceedingly thin, were taken 
from the box, showing that it had moulted once a month. In May, 1881, 
five full grown larvee, corresponding to the above, were found in the same 
case, having evidently lived on flies that had entered at such times as it 
had been opened. These were placed in a new ointment box, turned 
from poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), the sides of which were one-eighth 
inch thick. Inspecting them two weeks afterwards, two were found to 
have escaped by gnawing oval holes through the sides of the box close to 
the top. ‘The third had almost completed another hole, while the remain- 
ing two had not commenced operating. ‘These three were placed in the 
petroleum ointment box above mentioned, and made no attempt to gnaw 
out,—the petroleum probably rendering the wood unpleasant to their 
taste. Seeing that they moulted as the former had done and that they 
were not likely to develop, they were placed in a wide mouth bottle 


92 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


containing some fresh clay, and corked up. They at once entered the 
earth, and in sixteen days, (June 20th), appeared as beetles, proving to be 
Trogoderma Ornata—all females. From these experiments it appears 
that this insect is annual; that the larvae enter the earth to develop, and 
that to escape from confinement for this purpose they have power to gnaw 
through a considerable thickness of wood. And further, that in case they 
are prevented from entering the earth, unlike the larvae of many Lepidop- 
tera, they do not pupate, but continue to moult monthly for an indefinite 
period, perhaps a year, before dying. 


SrropREPA (Anobium) PANICEA Linn.—This insect appears to be 
omnivorous. Rev. Wm. Kirby states that its larva has been found in 
Cantharis vesicatoria; Dr. Geo. H. Horn, that it will breed in and 
destroy the cork in insect boxes. ‘That it is likely to become more than 
an accidental museum pest is scarcely probable. But where so circum- 
stanced as to be compelled to choose between cork and insects, the latter 
are most decidedly preferred. 

My boxes are double, and lined with half-inch cork, which before 
papering is saturated with an alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate. 
One box having escaped this treatment, on opening it last spring (1882), 
several of these beetles were found, having been bred in the cork. ‘They 
were removed, and on one side of the box were pinned against the bottom 
several cards with duplicate beetles attached ; the other was occupied by 
larger specimens mounted on pins. 


During the summer, whenever opened, a number of the insects in 
question were picked out. About a month ago, on removing the duphi- 
cates, so as to treat the cork with the poisoned alcohol, the discovery was 
made that they were infested with the larvee of Panicea, and completely 
destroyed. The larger beetles sometimes contained five or six grubs, each. 
They were in all stages of growth, from pupz to larve apparently just 
hatched. ‘The time required for development is unknown, but there seems 
to be at least two broods in the year in confinement. It may not, like 
Anthrenus, enter a collection from an appetite for insect food ; but if im- 
prisoned without way of escape, my experience shows the result will be 
the same. 


American Natural History literature is somewhat barren in regard to 
such a common and obtrusive pest. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 93 


Say describes it by the name Anobium tenuestriatum, Say’s Ent. Lec. 
Ed. ii. p. 281. He says it is common, frequently occurs in museums, is 
destructive to Iris root of the shops, and to various farinaceous substances. 
Melsheimer describes one of its forms by the name Ax. ebseum |obesum], 
without remarks. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. v. i1., p. 309. LeConte says, “It 
has been introduced from Europe in flour, bread and other articles of 
commerce, to all parts of the globe,” ib. 1865, p. 229. Packard mentions 
it as parasitic on //umble Bees. Guide to the Stud. Ins. p. 131; and at p. 
471 figures the pupa and describes the larva. Mr. Townend Glover, 
(Agricultural Rep. 1854, p. 72), represents it as occurring in all its stages 
and‘in great abundance in soft wheat from Algeria, “several larvee some- 
times found inhabiting the same grain.” And on plate (5) figures the 
larva, pupa and perfect insect. | know of no other notices, except that 
of Dr. Geo. H. Horn, referred to above. 





NOTES ON THE TINEIDAZ! OF NORTH AMERICA, 
BY LORD WALSINGHAM. 


(fromthe Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Philadelphia.) 





BY MARY E, MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, MO. 


Through his Lordship’s kindness, I have received, with much pleasure, 
a copy of the above named érochure. From such examination as I have 
been able to give it, it seems to me by far the most valuable of recent 
contributions to the literature of American 77ve7de, and places all students 
of this beautiful group of the ‘‘ Micros” under special obligations to its 
distinguished author. . 

The material examined in the preparation of these ‘‘ Notes” consisted 
mainly of the loaned collections of Profs. Fernald and Riley, that of the 
Peabody Academy of Sciences of Salem, Mass., of Mr. Goodell, of Am- 
herst, Mass., and a small contribution by the present writer. Each of 
these lots contained some of Mr. Chambers’ types. The only American 
collections of any note which were not represented were those of the 
Harvard Museum at Cambridge, Mass., and the Clemens’ types at Phila- 
delphia. Of the latter, however, Lord Walsingham had full notes made 
during his visit to this country in 1872. 


94 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








The result of the author’s critical study of the specimens thus accu- 
mulated, has been the rectification of the synonymy of a large number of 
species, the characterization of one new genus, Eulep iste, and the descrip- 
tion of twenty-four new species, some of which had been confounded with 
others previously described. 

Clemens’ genus dAvaphora is required to give place to the earlier gen- 
eric name Aerolophus of Poey, to which Walker’s genera Zaruma, Ubara 
and Maharra, and Hubner’s Pivaris are all nearly allied forms. One 
new species, A. simulatus, Wlsm., is described. Lord Walsingham 
acknowledges special indebtedness to Mr. Chambers’ ‘“ Index” and 
descriptive work, but in his study of the species before him thinks it 
advisable to discard one or two of the latter’s genera, such as Harpalyce, 
Dryope, etc., and identifies a considerable number of his species with 
those of Dr. Clemens and various European authors whose descripticns 
antedated his. 

Concerning some of these eliminations, I am permitted to quote from 
a letter recently received from Mr. Chambers. With the prefatory remark 
that ‘“‘ Entomologists, like doctors,” will differ ‘‘sometimes, and while in 
the main concurring in his Lordship’s opinions, as expressed in the 
pamphlet under consideration, I feel bound to dissent from a few of his 
conclusions—a few only—though his more recent familiarity with the 
species entitles his opinion to much greater weight than mine,” Mr. Cham- 
bers refers to the species as follows :— 

“If my Tinea cemetarieedla is Clemens’ Ludarcia simulatricella, 1 
see no raison de etre for the genus Audarcia. 1 find no greater differences 
between the neuration of cwmetarivel/a and other undoubted Z7mea, than 
there are among the latter themselves. 

“ Lord Walsingham remarks that the specimen of Defressaria applana, 
Fabr., in Prof. Fernald’s collection, is labelled Gelechia Clemensella, Cham., 
salicifungiella, Cl., but I don’t think it was so labelled by me. Lord W. 
is mistaken in saying that it is omitted in my ‘Index’ (though the refer- 
ence is incorrectly to vol. 9, Can. Ent., instead of to vol. 8), and I say 
that it appears in some respects to resemble sa/ectfungiella. 

“J still think my genus Harpa/yce distinct from Cryptolechia, and in 
a letter to Lord Walsingham I have stated some of my reasons for this 
opinion.” 

Mr, Chambers is not prepared to agree with lord Walsingham that his 
Gelechia prunifoliella is identical with his /2etusa plutella, nor that 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 95 





G. crescentifasciella, Cham., and G. grissefasciella are different forms of 
the same species, although he does not question that the former may be 
equal to Walker’s G. conclusella. Mr. Chambers further says that he 
‘was never able to reconcile his G. rwdensed/a with Clemens’ G. rudid- 
ella,” from which Lord Walsingham remarks that Ze is unable to separate 
it. These two (?) species belong to a group in which there is considerable 
variation in coloring, and in which the specific distinctions are evidently 
slight in the imagines, though sufficiently well marked in the larve, as I 
judge from the three or four forms that I have succeeded in rearing. 

As to Helice gleditschieella, Cham. (= to pallidochrella, Cham., 
according to Lord Walsingham), Mr. Chambers says: ‘“‘ The defect in the 
description of the hind wings, to which Lord Walsingham calls attention, 
may exist and may have been caused (as I have known similar mistakes 
in other cases) by a slight fold or wrinkle under the tip. Ihave an indis- 
tinct recollection that I observed something of this in this species. I 
placed this species in Ge/echia in the ‘ Index’ for the reason stated on 
page 124 of that publication, and it may be that I never gave any other 
@eseripuon Of itaasta (Gelechia: Fe.) * 1, *1/) (Fhevreference in ‘the 
‘Index’ noted by Lord Walsingham, and occurring in various places, to 
Can. Ent., vol. x., p. —, was intended to apply to a paper which I thought 
I had sent to the Can. Ent. for publication in that volume. But I suppose 
it was never sent, or it was lost in the mail. * * * * 

“From my bred and captured specimens of Gracilaria superbifront- 
ella, Clem., oak-feeding, and G. Packardella, Cham., maple-feeding ” 
(according to Lord Walsingham, identical, and equal to G. swedere/la, 
Thnb., whose name has precedence), “I think the species are distinct 
(though I have had doubts about it), and that both are distinct from 
swederella as described and figured in Nat. Hist. Tin.” 

In regard to Coleophora leucochrysella, Clem.—to which species Lord 
Walsingham relegates Mr. Chambers’ C. argente//a and C. argentialbella 
—Mr. Chambers says: “In a flying trip through Philadelphia, a year or 
two ago, I glanced at a part of the Clemens’ collection, and the one thing 
that I recollect (for I made no notes) is that C. /eucochrysella, Clem., is 
the proper name for C. a/bella, Cham.  C. argentialbelia is a different 
insect and smaller.” 

These quotations embody the most important of Mr. Chambers’ differ- 
ences from Lord Walsingham’s opinions, and | have taken the hberty of 
transcribing them because I think they will be of interest to others beside 


96 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





myself, and because Mr. Chambers informed me that he should not him- 
self publish them. In all other points Mr. Chambers agrees to the value 
and unquestionable authority of Lord Walsingham’s determinations. 

In the choice of specific names, it will be observed that his Lordship, 
does not restrict himself to the termination ¢//a, as witness his Cressonz, 
simulatus, inornata, inscripta, etc. While it is a great convenience, to 
the tyro especially, to have a conventional termination for the specific 
names of all species constituting a certain family, such as e//a for the 
Tineids, ava for Tortricids, and ads for Pyralids, there is no doubt that 
strict adherence to such a rule sometimes puts the author to inconveni- 
ence, and often necessitates more than a ‘ poet’s license” with grammati- 
cal rules. 

In a future paper I shall have occasion to refer to a few of Lord 
Walsingham’s new species in connection with their life histories. 





ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 





BY THE EDITOR. 








THE APPLE-TREE APHIS—Aphis mali? Fabr. 


This species of Aphis is very common throughout the Northern United 
States and Canada, and has of late appeared in such numbers in some 
localities as to excite much alarm among fruit growers. The eggs are 
deposited by the parent lice in the autumn, about the base of the buds of 
the apple tree, and in crevices of the bark~on the twigs. When first laid 
they are light yellow or green, but gradually become darker in color and 
finally black. During the winter these tiny, oval, shining black eggs may 
be found with the aid of a magnifying glass on almost every apple tree. 

As soon as the buds begin to expand in the spring, small lice are 
hatched from these eggs, which locate themselves on the swelling buds 
and young tender leaves, and inserting their sharp beaks into the tissues, 
feed on the sap they contain. ‘The lice vary in color from green to dark 
greenish-brown, the darker color prevailing at first, the lighter color in a 
few days afterwards. When they are abundant, the. buds—especially the 
blossom buds—are sometimes thickly covered with them, yet it is seldom 
that any serious injury results from their attack. The growth at this 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 97 








period of the year is so rapid, and the sap circulates through the branches 
in such abundance, that the comparatively small quantity consumed by 
these plant lice seems scarcely to be missed. In a few days the young 
leaves expand, when the insects are distributed over the foliage, and 
usually attract no further notice. 

All the lice hatched in the spring are females, and they reach maturity 
in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living young, 
producing about two each every day for two or three weeks, after which 
the older ones die. The young locate about their parents and mature in 
ten or twelve days, when they also 
become mothers as prolific as 
their predecessors. As the sea- 
son advances some of the females 
acquire wings, by means of which 
they fly to other trees, where they 
found new colonies. In figure 5 
both winged and wingless speci- 
mens are shown much magnified. 
~ Late in the autumn males, as 
? well as females, are produced, 
and the work of the year closes with the deposit of eggs as already 
described. Were it not for the activity of Lady-birds and other useful 
predaceous insects, which appear early upon the scene and devour multi- 
tudes of these lice, they would soon swarm on every leaf of our apple 
trees and become a source of serious trouble. 





NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF CALOPTERON 
RETICULATUM, Fasr. _ 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 

On the roth of July I found a pupa of this species suspended by the 
hind end of its body beneath a log. The larval skin was rent and worked 
backward, but still retained nearly its original shape and color, and by 
comparing it with certain larve which I have frequently met with in 
similar situations, there is no doubt in my mind but that these latter belong 
to the above species. 

These larve very closely resemble that figured by Packard on page 
465 of his “‘ Guide” (fig. 432), which in the text on the succeeding page 
is referred to Photuris. The dried specimens now before me measure 


98 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








about 12 mm., and are of a dull purplish-brown color; venter pale 
yellow, tinged with pink and marked with a brownish stripe on each outer 
edge, and with two rows of brown spots, these not extending upon the 
first three segments ; head retractile, dull blackish, the region of the jaws 
polished brown, and furnished with four black prickles, the upper two of 
which are placed transversely, the lower two longitudinally. 

The pupa mentioned above tapered quite regularly from the head to 
the tail, and was of a blackish color, shaded in places with whitish ; seg- 
ment one flattened above, and on each outer edge, near the anterior end 
of the segment, are two white, fleshy horns, the posterior ones the longest ; 
on each posterior angle of this segment is a long, white horn, curved 
backward ; on the anterior part of each abdominal segment is a sharp 
transverse ridge, which unites at right angles with a subdorsal ridge that 
extends lengthwise across the segment ; near the places where these ridges 
meet is a low whitish tubercle ; a stigmatal row of whitish horns, two to 
each segment, curved forward, those on the first abdominal segment the 
longest, those on each succeeding segment shorter than those on the seg- 
ment preceding it ; antennze-cases curved, longer than the leg-cases, white, 
marked with black ; length, 13 mm. 

The beetle issued from the above pupa on the 21st of July, and was of 
the variety ¢erminave of Say. 





THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMER(EFORMIS, Haworru. 
BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 

By the kindness of Mr. Donnelly, the very efficient head gardener of 
the Central Park, of this city, I am put in possession of sixty cocoons of 
the ‘‘ Basket-worm.” They were taken from the terminal twigs of a sap- 
ling Sycamore Maple and Horse Chestnut growing on the low land in the 
immediate vicinity of the zoological garden. The cocoons hung in clus- 
ters on every twig, and as they had excited considerable curiosity, the 
gardener permitted them to remain until about the period of egg-hatching. 
[ have supposed it might be of interest to the subscribers of the CANADIAN 
Enromo.Locist to have the result of my examination of these cocoons. 
Ten of them had been occupied by the male, as attested by the puparium 
within. In about an equal number I found the broken shell-case of the 
female, all else having been devoured by parasites, some of which, in pupa 
condition, were found within the cocoons. The remainder of the cocoons 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 99 





contained the long larva-like puparium of the female, fastened at either 
end with stout silken bands to the side of the cocoon. The thoracic por- 
tion of the puparium, upon being slightly pressed, separated in atoms, and 
the downy substance with which it had been filled floated away in the air 
like dust ; the abdominal portion of the puparium contained from fifty to 
eighty soft yellowish eggs. It has been thought by some of our Entomo- 
logists that the eggs are deposited among the silken threads in the upper 
part of the cocoon, and by others that they are not extruded from the 
body of the parent, but that the moth dies retaining them. Later investt- 
gation, however, has shown that they are deposited within the puparium, 
a fact clearly demonstrated by the observations that I have made. The 
very unusual method as displayed by this moth for the protection of its 
ova, is probably attributable to the fact that the shells are singularly ten- 
der, and as the slightest touch would make a jelly of the whole deposit, 
this extraordinary provision is made necessary. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 





LAST YEAR’S COLLECTING. 

‘The connection between the weather and insect life is an interesting 
subject, but one that requires a vast amount of observation before any 
conclusions of much value can be reached. We are all familiar with the 
relation of the weather to the crops, but insects seem more dependent on 
favorable weather than vegetation is. ‘The first part of a season may be 
very injurious to vegetation, whilst later on a favorable change may 
occur and it will recover all it lost and even exceed an average ; but with 
insects, if they have been seriously interfered with in the early part of 
their career the result is generally fatal to the bulk of them for that season, 
This is undoubtedly one of nature’s methods for preventing excess. 
Ontario alone has a varied range of climate, and what is said of one 
section will not apply to others. Vennor considers Hamilton and 
neighborhood endowed with a climate peculiarly its own, and the verdict 
of concurrent opinion is favorable. But whether it was the open winter 
or the long continued cold of spring, certain it is the summer of 1882 was 
rendered remarkable by the absence of Diurnals; even those least 
observant remarked it. Pieris rape appeared early, and then dis- 
appeared almost entirely until quite late in the season. I did not see 
half-a-dozen Archippus the whole summer. The milk weeds stood in 


100 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





unbroken leaf until late in the fall, when they were taken possession of 
by extensive broods of Euchates egle larve. Even Skippers were scarce, 
and it was quite a treat to see a Philodice. On the 23rd of June I took 
for the first time here a Zerzas /ésa, and there was not another yellow 
butterfly to be seen in the field. If PA2/odice had been plentiful I might 
not have noticed it. The Noctuids generally were scarce, and there was 
a noticeable absence of cut worms in both field and garden. There were 
but few species of Catoca/a abroad, and these not plentiful, except Hadz/is, 
which was so abundant as to be offensive. ‘To our delight the highly 
attractive Ae/icta appeared in goodly numbers, which it was never known 
to do here before, and three dozen of them were secured. In fall moths 
a few good things were taken, but not in any quantity. In beetles, 
Carabide were scarce ; wood borers were moderately plenty, but they 
were very late and straggling in appearing. Taking the season all 
through, it was not one of much success for collectors. 
J. Auston Morrart. 





GREAT ABUNDANCE OF PAPILIO (THOAS) CRESPHONTES. 

This large species of Swallow-tail swarmed here last summer. My 
friend, Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Allis, and myself, took about 300 larvae. 
There are two broods. Its chosen food here seems to be the prickly » 
ash. The young larve have the slimy, slug-like appearance character- 
istic of young ¢rotlus; indeed the two species resemble each 
other somewhat before the first moult. Why this fine species, 
which in times past has been very rare, should appear in such 
large numbers, is one of the events in the life of insects not well understood. 

LARVA OF CATOCALA MESKEI. 

Color light drab or cream. Head bi-lobed, ringed in front by a nar- 
~row, dark brown line ; extremity divaricate. Between the fifth and sixth 
segments is a light brown band. An elevated band of obscure brown 
occurs on the seventh segment. Under side blackish brown. Length 
21% inches. 

This larva is much more uniform in color than any other Catocala 
larva I have met with. Its chosen food is the poplar, and I may add by 
way of a hint to those who are desirous of getting C. redicta, that the 
poplar is the favorite food of this dainty moth. Last season four perfect 
specimens were taken, all on the poplar; one male was very dark and 
beautiful. This season five were taken from the same source, among them 


a dark female. ROBERT BUNKER. 
(Printed May roth, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 





VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., JUNE, 1883. No. 6 





DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW ELATERID AND ALLIED LARV. 
BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


The following larvee have the usual elongate, sub-cylindrical form and 
hard integument of the notorious z7re-worm, they all live in decayed 
wood, and pupate in cells in the wood. 

For the determination of the perfect insects I am indebted to Mr. EB. P. 
Austin. 


ELATER NIGRICOLLIS, Herbst.—Body polished, yellowish brown, palest 
underneath and at the sutures of the segments ; a narrow dark brown band 
at either end of each segment except the first and posterior end of the last 
segment; these bands pass entirely around the body; the last segment 
tapers posteriorly to a fine, dark brown point ; head dark brown, the jaws 
black ; a prop-leg beneath segment 12; length about ore inch. I found 
several April 25, and enclosed them in my breeding cage, in which was 
placed some decayed oak-wood and damp sand ; the first pupa was noticed 
August rg, and the beetle issued from it on the 30th of the same month. 


ANDROCHIRUS. FUSCIPES, Mels.—Body polished white ; a brownish 
band on the posterior end of each segment, and also one on the anterior 
part of segment one; these bands pass entirely around the body ; the last 
segment tapers slightly posteriorly, rounded at the end, and usually tinged 
with brown; ventral part of first three segments pale brownish ; head 
brownish above, whitish beneath ; no prop-leg beneath segment 12 ; length 
about one inch. Several larve were collected April 25, and one beetle 
issued from these on the 29th of May following. As the larva which 
remained in August were all of one size, [concluded that this species 
requires two years to complete its transformations. 


ArHousS CUCULLATUS, Say.—Body brownish black, the sutures whitish ; 
venter from a little above the spiracles whitish, marked with five rows of 
brownish spots, those in the outer rows elongate, forming a broken line ; 
those in the next row smaller and placed behind the middle of the segment ; 


102 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





those in the middle row much larger than the others, taper slightly poster- 
iorly and do not extend upon the first three segments ; last segment 
flattened above, with three small tubercles on each outer edge, the hind 
angles are produced into a two-pronged projection, the inner prongs of 
which are bent inward, nearly meeting; head dark brown; a prop-leg 
beneath the last segment; length nearly one inch. I found several of 
these in some decayed oak-wood April 5, and the beetles which issued 
from them were first observed July 8. One of these larvee devoured a 
Capricorn larva, which I put in the same collecting box. I have also found 
these larvee in decayed apple-wood. 


CENTRONOPUS CALCARATUS, Fabr.—Body polished light brown ; last 
segment terminates in two, short, thick points; head lght brown; no 
prop-leg beneath the last segment ; length slightly over one inch. From 
larvee found in early spring, one pupa was observed May 21, and the perfect 
beetle issued from this on the 29th of the same month. 


ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALPINZ TO HELIOTHINA:: 
BY A. R. GRODE-: 
(Concluded from page 77.) 


NEUMOEGENIA Gr. (1882). 

Form slender ; vestiture scaly ; clypeus rough, with a superior arched 
ridge, infra-clypeal plate prominent ; wings very wide, entire ; apex deter- 
minate ; external margin regularly rounded. Labial palpi short. _ Legs 
slender and apparently unarmed. Eyes naked, unlashed. Abdomen 
hardly exceeding secondaries. Body untufted on the dorsal line. The 
type and only species is snow white, with a large, golden, metallic, trigon- 
ate, median patch on primaries above, leaving the external margin and 
cestal white, and with a white patch at extremity of median vein and a 
reddish stain near the base of the wing. 

1. Poetica Gr. Arizona. 

This is one of the prettiest moths allied to //wsza in our fauna. 


This paper is the result of my studies upon Mr. Neumoegen’s collec- 
tion, commenced last autumn, but interrupted and delayed by my bad 
health. ‘he first part, already published, was put into shape from my 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


notes, before I saw a paper of Mr. Smith’s on the /e/rothine, in which 
the characters used being those previously employed by myself in separating 
the genera, similar results could not fail to be reached. I had in fact 
corrected my arrangement in the New Check List, on examining for 
the first time Zamila Nundina. 1 found, as pointed out by Mr. 
Smith, that this insect, the type of Zama, is a Lygranthoecia (= Schinia 
Smith). I had then to arrange my species of Zamz/a differently, and also 
create a new genus for Zwcens. Already in the Check List I had taken 
Lucens out of Heliothis, and I associated it with Weadii and Zumida in 
Mr. Neumoegen’s collection under a new genus. So far I had gone inde- 
pendent of Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith’s paper is an excellent one, and goes 
much farther than I was able to extend my study. He originally shows 
that we have two European genera, Sympist/s and /edéaca, in our fauna, 
and he unites several species, partly unexamined by me, with the genus he 
calls Schinia, but the majority of the species of which I had arranged 
under Zygranthoecia in 1875; and I had, while describing the type, given 
in my “ List” a wide value to the genus. In some single cases I thought 
the tibial armature would give generic characters, and for that reason 
among others retained some of my own and Guenee’s genera as distinct 
from Lygranthoecia. 

I shall, therefore, bring this paper to a conclusion by pointing out the 
characters of certain genera. The arrangement of the /7e/7othine which 
I make differs from Mr. Smith’s by my commencing with dAzarta, Sym- 
pistis, Melicleptria, Heliothis, etc., and concluding with Lygranthoecia as 
in my New Check List, bringing the genera with bulging clypeus and often 
white colors before Zarache, which may be called the typical genus of the 
succeeding group. Although I have used natural characters to support 
my genera, I think comparative characters and the subordinate ones of 
color and marking should have some weight. As much as possible we 
should avoid associating species violently dissimilar in general look, on 
account of their agreement in armature or the structure of the eyes. 

As stated in the first part of this paper, the group I have called 
Stiriine presents some resemblances to the Heliothine by reason of the 
often armed tibia. It is more nearly related to the //uszine by the shape 
of the wing and the often metallic colors. It has characters which are 
peculiar, the short thorax and the patagia deflected at the tips. The 
bulging clypeus allies some of the genera to Zygranthoecia. 1 would dis- 
tinguish Basi/odes by the conical third palpal joint, while I have explained 


104 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


the characters of the principal genera in the first part of this paper, so far 
as I have material before me to examine. The present paper is intended 
to supply material for the future monographist of the Moctuzde, with my 
other studies already published, and I need not weigh critically the value 
of certain points of structure at the present time. <A recent paper of 
mine in ‘ Papilio,” upon classification, gives briefly the general con- 
clusions to which my experience has led me. I wish only here to show 
that a study of natural characters leads to a correspondence between the 
results of different observers which is not attained in any other way. 
Important discrepancies may be laid to a failure to study enough material 
or to examine it thoroughly. By the system of Gueneeé the limitation of 
the genera was made more uncertain ; by that of Lederer the confines 
were more clearly exposed. But no finality can be reached until, all the 
Noctuide being known, a final arrangement will be arrived at from the 
mere futility and unimportance of changes dependent to a considerable 
extent on the mere temper of the writer. Just as Z/a/pochares obtains 
as against Zyothisa, so-l should retain Lygranthoecia as against Schinia 
or my term /udeucyptera. It is clearly of less importance what name we 
give the genus when its limits’ are agreed upon generally speaking. Even 
after the minute researches of Lederer and Von Heineman, some species 
are dificult to place and will oscillate for some time. Many differ m com- 
parative characters only, and about the value of these there will not be 
easily found an agreement between writers. Gueneé’s genera in both 
Noctuide and Geometride are not based on scientific or natural charac- 
ters, but he arrives at results sometimes identical with those of Lederer. 
Lederer is decided in his criticism of Gueneé, but not personally hostile 
or illiberal, hence his remarks have a certain value which they would not 
otherwise bear. Now quite recently in a monograph which is certainly 
exhaustive in appearance and the result of a wonderful industry, Dr. 
Packard very strongly endorses Gueneé and considers his work as superior 
in value to Lederer’s by distinct implication. I myself do not share this 
opinion, and since my return from Europe in 1867, 1 have used the 
natural characters laid down by Lederer and discarded the comparative 
ones of Gueneé. In fact I could not understand genera comprising 
‘oroups ” entirely arbitrarily composed, without definition, embracing 
species with hairy and naked eyes (e. g. dplecta) or with no reference to 
the structure of the feet. The exceptions to his diagnoses are often more 
numerous than the typical forms. ‘“ Souvent,” etc., 1s a term which seems 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 105 


to acquire an absolute character with Gueneé. — But his descriptions are 
very good, and he tells you very little in a very entertaining and lengthy 
way. Lederer is very exact and thoroughly grasps the subject of struc- 
ture,—perhaps a little too strict in his definitions, but of a far more 
genuine temper which is everywhere scientific. ‘This brief resumé of the 
qualities of the two writers who have attained celebrity in Europe, and 
who are now no longer with us in the flesh, suggested to me the idea that 
we should be more conservative and less violent in the expression of our 
opinions. Each new writer seems to offer himself as the measure of that 
part of creation which he dabbles in, and lays down the law with an abso- 
lute assertion which I know from my own experience will be modified as 
_he comes to know more, if he is ever, indeed, to know much. I do not 
intend either to speak unkindly, or to arrogate to myself the right to speak 
at all. I almost feel that I am laid under an obligation in being permitted 
to express my opinions, although I have been writing these twenty-two, 
and studying for now more than the twenty-five years which have passed 
away. 1 hope after I am silent that it will be remembered that I fought 
against my naturally positive opinions as much as I could. In my first 
paper | know I expressed myself with diffidence and the likelihood I 
should make mistakes. It was pretty dark in those days. The Synopsis 
of Dr. Morris was not published, and I could not get a name for a moth 
in the length and breadth of the land, except for the few species discussed 
by Dr. Harris in his Insects Injurious to Vegetation. Those half a dozen 
Noctuids have now grown to nearly 1,700 names, about four fifths of 
which most of us know all about, or fancy we do. It must be admitted 
that much of my work was necessarily very difficult, and early mistakes 
more readily excusable than they are to-day. 


LYGRANTHOECIA G. & R. 


Type: Crambus Marginatus /Zaw. 

Eyes naked, unlashed, full. Front moderately bulging, shortly scaled. 
Infra-clypeal plate not exposed. _ Fore tibize heavily armed ; middle and 
hind tibiz spinose. Vestiture of mingled scales and hair. The armature 
of the shortened fore tibiae consists in two long, sub-equal claws, which 
slightly overlap on the inside, and a series of four, diminishing in size 
on the outside of the jomt. Mr. Smith’s figure (3) does not agree with 
my specimens, in which the outer series is equidistant and the final claw 
proportionately shorter ; they are distributed further along the joint, which 


106 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


is differently shaped from the figure, the last claw of the outer series being 
placed much further towards its upper end. The drawing of these parts 
is a matter of much nicety, and while Mr. Smith may be complimented 
upon his plate, I am not able to recognise the figure of this species. It is 
certain that the claws do break off, or are not developed, for in one speci- 
men the outer series is plainly reduced to three. 

This generic term might be retained for the following reasons: I use 
it in 1874-5 in the sense of Anthoecia Guen., which cannot be kept, the 
type, Carduz, being also the type of AZelicleptria. In my list I include 
18 species, Ce/er7s erroneously, as I show this to be a AZelicleptria. 1 
retained the genera Zamila, Euleucyptera, Schinia, Orta, based on but 
few species, as distinct. I did this for the reason that I was under the 
impression that the modifications of the armature of the fore tibiae would 
give generic characters when all the species were compared, which I never 
pretended to do, or had the means of doing until very recently. I was 


also interested in keeping the generic synonymy plain, so that the types: 


might be understood, and, unless I have come to a positive conclusion, I 
have preferred to keep the old genera alive until the family is mono- 
graphed. The term ‘“ Schinza” is “resurrected” by me out of the 
Verseichniss, where it is used for the three species, evaci/enta, trifascia, 
bifascia; the other species, ¢wberculum, is referred by Hubner to another 
genus. No other author uses this term before me, and I consider 777- 
fascia as typical. Tamia is used by Gueneé for a single species, Vun- 
dina, respecting which I have been in error until last fall, when I examined 
it carefully for the first time, and found it to be a Lygranthoecta. Illness 
prevented my continuing and finishing my paper (which is now completed 
with this instalment) ‘until after the appearance of Mr. Smith’s paper, in 
which this fact is first publicly established. Mr. Smith interestingly shows 
that Lwleucyptera does not sufficiently differ, so that this genus with its 
single species must also be retired. As to Porrima, I had associated 
sanguinea and regia, but now accept the conclusion that the modifications 
of armature they show are not generic. In my New Check List I kept 
Anthoecia temporarily for the yellow-winged forms, of which Anthoecta 
juguarina Guen. may be considered typical, the number of species of the 
marginata type having grown ; it is manifestly only a “ color genus,” and, 
as I had previously shown that Gueneé’s term was inapplicable, my action 
was injudicious. I am not satisfied, however, that all of Mr. Smith’s 
Schinia belong to Lygranthoecta. Except my Zricopis chrysetlus, I 


— oe 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. TOF 





assume that they do for the present, in order to complete the matter. My 
Tamila tertia 1 am sure will come to be separated, and my //e/zothis 
cupes. ‘The case of this genus is analogous to that of Zhalpochares, in 
which the name is preferred under which the most of the species were 
placed together, although Hubner had genera which were older for certain 
single species. Mr. Smith uses Lygranthoecia evidently in this sense in 
the “Synopsis.” The species of Zygranthoecia are :— 


1. Rivulosa Guen. Can. southward. 

Marginatus Haw. 

2. Thoreaui G. & R. Middle and South. 

. Constricta Hy. Edw. Georgia. 

4. Saturata Gr. Southern States to Mass. 
Rubiginosa Str. 


ios) 


5. Separata Gr. West; the vars. are geographical. 
Var. Acutilinea Gr. 
Var. Walsinghami Hy. Edw. 
Var. ? Coercita Gr. 
Var. Balba Gr. 
6. Parmeliana Hy. Edw. West. 
7. Regia Streck. Texas. 
8. Sanguinea Geyer. West and South. 
g. Nundina Drury. West and South. 
to. Bifascia Hubn. South. 
t. Trifascia Hubn. East to South. 
12. Gracilenta Hubn. South. 
Oleagina Morr. 
13. Obliqua Sm. 
14. Velaris, Gr. West. 
H52, keruia;Gr.’ Texas. 
16. Albofascia Sm. Texas. 
17. Roseitincta Harvey. Texas. 
. 18. Bina Guen. Georgia. 
1g. Tuberculum Hubn. Georgia. 
20, Siren Streck. . Texas. 
21. Lynx Guen. South and Middle. 
22. Brevis Gr. South and West. 
Var. Atrites Gr. 


108 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


23. Mieskeana Gr. “ex., Flat 
Var. Rufimedia Gr. 
Fastidiosa Str. 
24. Scissa Gr. 
25. Limbalis Gr. 
26. Arcifera Guen. New York. 
® Var. Arcigera Guen. 
g 2 forma typ. Spraguei Gr. 
27. Spinosae Guen. Eastern States. 
28. Packardi Gr. Colorado. 





29. Mortua Gr. Colorado. 
30. Nubila Streck. Texas. 
31. Nobilis Gr. Colorado. 
32. Errans Sm. 
33. Jaguarina Guen. Colorado. 
34. Inclara Streck. Texas. 
B25. Gupes Gry lexass (Calis 
26. Tupatus Gr. “Texas. 
37. Gloriosa Streck. Texas. 
38. Lanul Streck. 
S Luleucyptera Gr. 
39. Cumatilis Gr. Colorado. 
Sulmala Streck. 
4o. ‘Tenuescens Gr. 
Tricopis Gr. 

fype=s1: Chrysellus Gr. 

The infra-clypeal plate is prominent. ‘The armature of the fore tibiae 
approaches that of 7ifascia; I have described it Bull. Buff. Soc. N. Sci., 
in my table of a part of the Heliothid genera, which, now ten years old, is 
all I have published towards a close examination of the Heliothid genera. 
The species are silvery white and easily recognized ; the honey brown thorax 
and bands on the primaries agreeably contrast. The genus is not very 
distinct from Lygranthoecia, but 1 will not draw it in from the structure * 
of the front. Other characters are given in some notes of mine, which at 
the moment I cannot verify. Our species apparently are three :— 

r Chrysellus Gr’: Vexas. 


No 


Hulstia Tepper. Texas. 
3. Aleucis Harvey. Texas. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 109 


ee ~ = —_— 





TRIOCNEMIS Gr. 

Type: T. Saporis Gr. 

The essential characters are originally given by me in the posterior 
thoracic tuft and the tridentate anterior tibiae. Our species resembles the 
European Ca/ophasia in appearance. It is a remarkably handsome insect. 

1. Saporis Gr. Arizona. 


RHODOSEA Gr. 

Type: R. Julia Gr. 

This genus contains our handsomest of the pink species, and is allied 
to Rhodophora Florida. It differs strongly by the two-clawed anterior 
tibiae, the unarmed tibiae, the structure of the front and the narrow wings. 
The lovely species has the fore wings of a delicate pink, with a pale yellow 
dash on the cell, the edges and fringe pale yellowish. Fore tibiae abbre- 
viate, with a shorter outer and longer inner terminal claw. Front very 
bulging, with the infra-clypeal plate centrally exposed. Eyes full, naked, 
unlashed. Tibiae not spinose. Labial palpi relatively short; tongue 
moderate. Vestiture hairy, In the shape of the wings there is a resem- 
blance to Hle/iophila. The feet, face and thorax in front are flushed with 
pink. The species was collected by Prof. Snow, and is probably flower- 
haunting, as is /Yorv7da. I named it for my little daughter, who takes an 
intelligent interest in natural objects, and who came to me when her 
mother was taken away, now more than ten years ago. 

1. Julia Gr. - New Mexico. 


ANARTA Ochs. 


I have referred to this genus three species, Promulsa, Nivaria and 
Submarina, which differ from Mamestra and Dianthoecia by the untufted 
abdomen and hairy and longer vestiture. The hairy eyes are full, but the 
general form is more like Avarta,; the habitat of the first two is that of 
elevated regions in the Rocky Mountains or Colorado. JI have examined 
the types of Orthosia perpura and Mamestra curta of Mr. Morrison. 
The eyes appeared hairy (under a pocket lens) and the species the same. 
In my own mind no doubt exists that they are both referable to my Anarta 
nivaria. ‘This could not be inferred from the way in which they were 
described. The specimens are too poor to be perhaps certain that they 
belong to Wvarza. I cannot regard Promulsa as a Dianthoecia, and 
Mr. Morrison himself says: ‘We refer this interesting species to 


110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. - 





Mamestra provisionally,” and again, “we think that it will probably 
become.the type of a new genus” (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 97). 

To conclude; the genera as arranged in my ‘“ New Check List,” must 
be modified so far as the Ae/iothine are concerned, from Mr. Smith’s 
observations, but I would refer the student to my paper in Am. Ent. Soc. 
for what seems to me the most natural arrangement of the genera. The 
genera of the S¢7rzzme, here fully discussed, may be placed between the 
Calpine and Piusiine, but their arrangement is somewhat optional so far 
as our present knowledge extends. They have the body shortly scaled, 
the thorax short, collar and tegule deflected or not closely applied, the 
abdomen weak, untufted, the shape clumsy. The object of the present 
paper is attaimed in showing that the S¢trzzm@ have certain structural 
features taken from the already indicated sub-family groups with which 
they have hitherto been associated, but united in a different way, and are 
thus equally entitled to recognition as a sub-family of Noctuide. 





NEW TABANID-. 
BY JOHN MARTEN, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


TaBANuS ALLYNII Length 15 mm. 


Female.—Eyes naked, no ocelligerous tubercle. Front yellowish- 
gray ; callosity chestnut, nearly square, with an unconnected, spindle- 
shaped line above. Face and cheeks yellowish-gray. Antennze reddish- 
yellow, annulate portion black. Palpi yellowish with white hairs. Thorax 
and scutellum grayish-black with minute golden-yellow pubescence F 
humerus reddish-brown when denuded; pleurae and pectus grayish with 
white or yellow hairs. Abdomen yellow, segments 4—7 black with yellow 
hind margins, which are expanded into triangles on the middle of segments 
4 and 5; first segment black under the scutellum ; second segment with a 
black triangle on the middle, and the third segment with a dark spot on 
each side of the middle. Venter yellow with a black line through the 
middle and tip dark. Legs—femora black, yellow at the tips; tibiae yel- 
low, darker at the tips; outer half of front tibia black; tarsi brownish, 
front ones black. Wings hyaline ; stigma yellowish. 


Male.—Differs principally in having the colors brighter; the abdomen 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. pip ai! 





has less black, but there are two rows of black spots on all but the last 
segment, and is slightly darker on the lateral margins. ‘Pibiz darker. 
From North Carolina. 


THERIOPLECTES TETRICUS.—Length 17 mm. 

Female.—Eyes pubescent, ocelligerous tubercle present. Front black ; 
callosity black, shining, with an unconnected black spot above; sub-callous 
black, denuded. Face and cheeks black with white hairs. Antennae 
red, third joint black, upper angle projecting but little. Palpi white with 
white hairs. Thorax grayish-black with the usual gray lines and gray 
pubescence ; humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus gray with long 
white hairs. Abdomen black, with three rows of white triangles, the 
middle row indistinct ; the sides of segments two and three reddish ; hind 
margins with a fringe of white hairs, which is wanting between the middle 
and outer triangles. Venter yellowish-red with gray pollen, darker towards 
the tip. Femora black, yellowish-brown at the tips; tibiae brown, darker 
on the distal half; tarsi black. Wings hyaline. 

From Montana. 


THERIOPLECTES FRENCHI.—Length 14 mm. 

Female.—Front black ; callous dark brown with a line extending 
above ; sub-callous black. Face and cheeks black with white hairs ; palpi 
yellowish with minute black hairs. Antennae red, annulate portion of 
third joint black, angle not prominent. Thorax black with the usual lines ; 
humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus with white hairs. Abdomen 
black with three rows of triangles, the lateral rows from segments one to 
four prominent, middle row largest on second segment, on the other seg- 
ments only an expansion of the hind margins ; lateral margins of segments 
4-7 yellow with white hairs. Venter reddish-yellow, darker towards the 
tip, covered with gray pollen. Femurs black, with whitish hairs, brown 
at the tips; tibiae brown, with white hairs, darker at the tips ; tarsi black. 
Wings hyaline with faint clouds on the cross veins and bifurcation of third 
vein. 

From Montana. 


THERIOPLECTES SUSURRUS.—Length 14 mm. 

Female.—Front gray ; callosity brownish-black with black line above ; 
ocelligerous tubercle brown. Face and cheeks white with white hairs ; 
palpi yellow with minute white hairs, and a few black hairs. A/ftennae — 





ig THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








red, distal half of third joint black, angle prominent. Thorax black with 
four gray lines; humerus reddish-brown ; pleurae and pectus gray with 
white hairs. Abdomen black with two rows of triangles on segments one 
to five, a faint dorsal brownish stripe and a little expansion of the white 
hind margins on four and five. Venter brownish-yellow. Femurs black 
with white hairs, brown at the'tips ; tibiae brown, darker towards the tips ; 
tarsi black. Wings hyaline, faint clouds on the bifurcation of third vein 
and middle cross vein. 
From Montana. 





ONSTHE EARLY STAGES OF THRE DIPTEROUS WEY 
CHRYSOPILA, FOLDA, Loew. 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT, WOODSTOCK, ILL. 


Larva.—Body polished, yellowish white, nearly cylindrical, anterior 
part tapers to the head; eleven visible segments; footless ; posterior 
end of last segment deeply notched horizontally and less deeply so verti- 
cally ; on each side a small notch above sinus of horizontal notch ; on 
under side of each of the two lobes, formed by the horizontal and vertical 
notches, is an elliptical, reddish-brown raised spot; on under side of last 
segment, near the anterior end, is a somewhat conical impressed spot, the 
base of the cone being at the anterior end of the segment; in the middle 
of this cone is a longitudinal impressed line ; length from 20 to 25 mm. 

Pupa.—Cylindrical, of about the same width throughout ; dark brown ; 
on each of the six segments, anterior to the last one, is a transverse ridge, 
armed with minute points; last segment somewhat truncated behind, and 
armed with a few small points, two of which are placed side by side on 
the ventral side, and these points diverge from each other; on the front 
of the head are four very small warts, and at the junction ‘of the head and 
thorax is a transverse row of six small warts, the second from each end 
being larger than any of the others ; spiracles in the form of rough warts, 
one pair to each of the last eight segments, except the last one ; leg-cases 
reach to the anterior third of the seventh segment, counting from the hind 
end of the body ; wing-cases reach to the anterior end of the above seg- 
ment; length about 16 mm. 

The larve from which the above description was drawn were found 








THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





May 4 ina plot of ground where onions had been grown the preceding 
season. I placed several of them in one of my breeding cages, and by 
the 1oth day of May all but one had pupated. The first flies issued May 
22. One pupa worked itself about half way out of the dirt in the morning, 
and while in this position the fly issued during the day. 
The first pupz found out of doors were taken May 9, and the earliest 
_ date of capturing the flies was May 21; three days later several pairs were 
observed united 27 coztu. 
For the determination of the above species, I am indebted to Dr. 
Hagen, who writes me that he has compared my specimens with Loew’s 


types. 


|, Di me Coe 


NOTES ON THE EARLY STAGES OF LIXUS MACER, LeConte, 


BY D. W. COQUILLETT. 


On the 13th of July, 1881, I saw a female Z. macer busily engaged in 
gnawing holes in the stem of a green Helianthus grosse-serratus (Wild 
Sunflower). There were several holes in the stem of this plant, and 
in each I found one or two eggs, of an elliptic-ovoid form, polished pale 
yellow, and measuring about two and one-fourth mm. in length. In the 
stems of other similar weeds, which grew near to this one, I found several 
recently hatched larve. I examined the stems of this same kind of weed 
at intervals throughout the summer season, and found the larvee in differ- 
ent stages of their growth, sometimes two or three in the same plant. 
Late in October I noticed that many of these weeds had been broken off, 


Se OO 


and the pieces—from one and a half to three feet in length—were lying 
about upon the ground. These pieces ccntained a larva—evidently of 
the above species—and at one end, and occasionally at each end, the pith 
and woody part had been gnawed away, leaving nothing but the bark, 
and this had evidently been broken off by the wind. I examined a few of 
these pieces on the 25th of the following April, and found nothing but 
larvee ; another examination was made on the 12th of the following month, 
when nothing but larve were found, but all were dead. 

From these observations it would seem that the eggs are deposited 
about mid-summer, the larve hatch out in a few days, reach their full 
growth in three or four months, and hibernate in their burrows as detailed 
above, assume the pupa form early in the following summer, and are 
changed to beetles shortly afterward, thus completing their transformations 
inside of a year. 








114 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





CIRCULAR OF. INQUIRY CONCERNING CANKER-WORMS. 


The U.S. Dept. of Agr. in November last issued the following circular: 


In preparing a bulletin upon the subject of Canker-worms, to be issued 
from this Department, I find that much of our preSent information is of 
little service, for the reason that until the year 1873 two entirely distinct 
species of Canker-worms were confounded in description, seasons, habits, 
and geographical distribution. In many of the publications, of late date 
even, the distinction is made either not at all or insufficiently. 

The most widespread and best known species is the Spring Canker- 
worm (faleacrita vernata, Peck). The -female rises from the ground 
chiefly in spring, and secretes her ovoid and delicate eggs. ‘The second 
species 1s Anzsopteryx pometaria, Harris, and the female rises chiefly in 
the fall, and lays her eggs in serried and exposed masses. 

Will you please give such information as you possess, especially upon 
the following points, in regard to the occurrence of Canker-worms in your 





own locality : } 

1. Which species, if either, is now found in your own locality, or has 
ever been found ? 

2. When was it first observed there ? d 

3. During what years has it been especially injurious ? ° 

4. During what years has it been entirely unnoticed ? 

x, Has the appearance of the perfect or parent insect been confined 
to either season, the fall or the spring, or has it covered both ? 

Wherever any doubt can or does arise in regard to the species observed, 
it is particularly requested that specimens may be sent to the Department. 
All expenses for packing and postage will be reimbursed to the contribu- 
tors if a request to that effect is made ; or boxes and stamps for the return 
of specimens will be sent to any who will notify the Department of inten- 
tion to contribute information and specimens. 

Observations may be made during all mild weather from the present 
month (November) until the middle of June. The more frequent and 
detailed the observations the greater will be their value. If you have not 
the time or inclination to make these observations personally, you will 
confer a favor by handing this circular to some person who will be 
interested. | 

Sould this circular come to the hands of any entomologist familiar with 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








the two species, I would respectfully ask of such any information they 
may possess that will throw light on the range and preferred food-plants 


of either. 
Respectfully, 


C. V. RILEY, Zxtomologist. 


BOOK NOTICES. 


; Catalogue of British Coleoptera, by Rev. W. W. Fowler, M..A., and 
| Rev. A. Matthews, M. A., London ; West, Newman & Co. 


This Catalogue differs in some respects from all preceding lists of 
British Coleoptera. It is, namely, a partial adaptation of the American 
views by completely separating the Rhynchophora and Heteromera from 
the remaining series of the order, and the placing of them after the other 
series. The changes suggested in the relations of the families of normal 
» Coleoptera, in the system of Drs. Horn and LeConte, are not yet in full 
_ favor with the conservative students of Great Britain, but may in future 
__win approval as they become better known. 
The American system, as it may be briefly termed, is fully set forth in 
| the revised “ Classification of the Coleoptera of North America,” just pub- - 
lished by the Smithsonian Institution. A notice of this work appears 
below. 
| The innovations of the system consist in a re-arrangement of the bulk 
of the families into four sets: Adephaga, with the most perfected exo- 
skeleton and powers of locomotion; Lamellicornia, with the greatest 
visceral and nervous concentration, and highest development of sense 
organs ; pseudo-tetramera ; the remainder constitutes a vast complex of 
Clavicorn and Serricorn families, which may be divided into several ill- . 
defined sub-series. 


Classification of the Coleoptera of North America; by John L. Le- 
Conte and George H. Horn. 






Prepared for the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1883. Crown, 
8vo., 605 pages. 

The Entomologists of America are placed under renewed and deep 
_ obligations to Drs. LeConte and Horn for this new edition of the classi- 


116 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





fication of the Coleoptera. More than twenty years have passed since 
the last edition was issued, and during that time no branch of natural 
science has made more substantial and rapid progress than this department 
of Entomology. The number of zealous workers in the field has greatly 


increased, and the accumulated stores of collectors have been subjected to ~ 


close examination and critical study, chiefly by the distinguished authors 
of this work, and the results have added to our list.of genera and largely 
to our list of species, which now includes more than 11,000 in all. 

In the introduction the external organization of the Coleoptera is fully 
treated of, aided by illustrations and followed by a useful series of tables 
of the various’ orders. The whole of the classification has been revised 
and brought into harmony with the present advanced condition of know- 
ledge on this subject. The work is very complete and bears evidence of 
the vast amount of labor and erudition bestowed on it. Collectors every- 
where will find it a most valuable guide in their studies and in the arrange- 
ment of their collections. 


The Pine Moth of Nantucket, Retinta frustrana; by Samuel H. 
Scudder. Crown 8vo., 24 pages, with one colored plate. Published by 
the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, 1883. 

We tender the author our sincere thanks for this excellent paper, con- 
taining the life history of this new enemy to pine trees, to which is 
appended a brief account of other native species of fetznia. ‘The 
pamphlet is well gotten up, and the colored plate a chromo-lithograph 
beautifully executed. It represents the imsect in its various stages along 
with the tips of the injured branches. 


Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, of Washington, for 1881 
and 1882; 8vo. 

We have been favored with a copy of the full report by the Commis- 
sioner, and have also received separate reports from the Entomologists, 
Prof. C. V. Riley and Prof. J. H. Comstock. The full report forms a large 
octavo volume of 703 pages, and is illustrated with a number of plates 
and diagrams. The report of the Botanist on grasses suitable for Texas, 
has 25 plates; that of the Veterinary division on Swine Plague, Fowl 


Cholera, and Southern Cattle Fever, 12 plates. The report of the Chemist ~ 


contains the results of an extended series of experiments on varieties of 





" 
7 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 117 


sorghum and maize, with results of the analysis of the constituents of these 
plants at different periods of their growth, particularly in reference to the 
available sugar contained in them. This valuable section of the work is 
illustrated by 21 plates, and contains also much other useful matter in 
reference to analysis of soils, fertilizers, etc. There is also a report from 
the Superintendent of Grounds, in which he gives the good results of 
mulching the ground with refuse tobacco stems, as a remedy for thrips on 
foreign grape vines grown under glass, and submits notes on a number of 
tropical and sub-tropical plants, some of which might probably be culti- 
vated with success in Southern California or Southern Florida. 

That part of the report devoted to Entomology is extremely interest- 
ing, and contains much that is valuable; it occupies 154 pages and is 
illustrated by 20 plates. The chief subjects treated of in Prof. Riley’s 
portion are Silk-culture in the United States ; Pyrethrum—its history and 
cultivation ; the Army Worm, Scale Insects of the Orange, including the 
results of experiments with emulsion of kerosene oil for their destruction ; 
Insects affecting the Rice Plant; Corn Insects, the Cotton Worm, Clover 
Insects. In that part contributed by Prof. Comstock we find a very com- 
plete history of the Apple Maggot ; also of some allied species of Droso- 
phila ; a chapter on Lady-birds, and another on Lac Insects, all illustrated 
by excellent plates drawn by Mrs. Comstock. Some valuable information 
is also given on methods for destroying Scale Insects with alkaline 
solutions. 


Insects Injurious to Fruits; by William Saunders. Philadelphia : 
Lippincott & Co., 1 vol., 8vo., pp. 436. 


It is with very great pleasure: that we announce to our readers the pub- 
lication of Mr. Saunders’ admirable work on the Insects Injurious to the 
Fruits of North America,—as the volume includes those affecting the 
orange, the olive and the fig, we think that we may fairly apply this ex- 
tended title to it. As the readers of the CaNapDIAN ENTOMOLOGIST are 
aware, there is no one in Canada, and very few indeed in the whole of 
America, so competent as our esteemed Editor to produce a work of this 
character. It is needless for us, then, to say more in praise of the work 
than that it is the crowning achievement of one who has devoted a large 
portion of his time and labor during the last twenty years to the practical 
study of insects, and whose intimate acquaintance with fruit culture in all 


118 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





its aspects is only surpassed by his complete knowledge of the insects, 
both injurious and beneficial, that affect the labors of the horticulturist. 
The book is written clearly and concisely throughout in our author’s well- 
known terse and vigorous style, and is so free from scientific and technical 
terms that any fruit-grower, no matter how ignorant of Entomology, can 
readily obtain from its pages all the information that he can possibly 
require in reference to most of the insect friends and foes of his trees and 
bushes. The copious illustrations, moreover, are so beautifully executed 
and so true to nature that any insect referred to can be at once identified, 
and the proper mode of dealing with it learnt from the accompanying 
descriptions. But while the work is so practically valuable to those who 
are specially interested in fruits, we can assure our Entomological readers 
that they will find the volume to be an admirable scientific compendium, 
containing an epitome of the collective knowledge of the day, and bring- 
ing together into one convenient manual the results of the researches of 
all the leading Entomologists of America. We do not, indeed, think that 
we are speaking too highly in praise of the work—though we admit that 
it is saying a very great deal—when we express our opinion that Mr. 
Saunders’ volume will take rank with that standard of excellence, Harris’ 
Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, and that he has done for insects 
affecting fruits at the present day what his justly famed predecessor accom- 
plished long ago for those injurious to vegetation in general. 

The plan of the work, inasmuch as it is intended especially for the use 
of fruit-growers, is the most satisfactory that could be adopted. The 
insects treated of are grouped together under the name of the particular 
fruit that they affect, and are arranged in order according as they attack 
the root, the trunk, the branches, the leaves, the fruit itself. If, therefore, 
a gardener finds an insect of whose habits he is ignorant, and whose name 
he has never heard, doing some damage to one of his fruit-bearing trees, 
or bushes, or vines, he has only to observe to what part of the plant the 
attack is directed, and then he can at once turn to an illustrated account 
of the pest, and learn from it all its life-history and what remedies he may 
most effectively employ for its extermination. On the other hand, if an 
Entomologist wishes to know in a condensed form what information is 
available respecting an insect that comes within the scope of the work, he 
can at once find what he requires by means of the carefully prepared 
synonymical list and complete index at the end of the book. 

The volume is beautifully printed on fine paper, and neatly bound in 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 119 





cloth; the illustrations—440 in number—are thoroughly well done by 
competent artists and engravers. The fruits under which the various 
insects are grouped are twenty in number, viz., the apple, pear, plum, 
peach, apricot and nectarine, cherry, quince, grape, raspberry, blackberry, 
strawberry, red and white currant, black currant, gooseberry, melon, cran- 
berry, orange, olive, and fig. As an example of the completeness of the 
work, we may mention that no less than sixty-four different species of 
insects are treated of as injurious to the apple alone, besides a number of 
beneficial parasites, and that these are made clear to the ordinary reader 
by one hundred and forty-five wood cuts. 

We trust that the work will soon find its way into the hands of every 
intelligent fruit-grower, and that fresh editions of it may continue to be 
called for during many years to come. C. J. S. BETHUNE. 

Insects Injurious to Fruits; by W. Saunders. Philadelphia: Lippin- 
cott, 1883, 8vo. Illustrated with 440 wood cuts, pp. 436. Dedicated to 
the Fruit-Growers of America. 

No one will deny that this book supplies a long felt want, and supplies 
it well. The author’s long and well-known experience as a fruit-grower 
and entomologist, gives just the qualifications necessary for such work. 
He knows exactly what fruit-growers want, and in which way and manner 
the needed information should be given to be useful and at the same time 
pleasing. ‘Therefore the plan of this book is simple and to the point ; the 
treatment of the enemies plain and sufficient, without tedious length ; the 
remedies recommended backed by experience, and such as can be used by 
every one. All this seems very simple and easy, just as if everybody 
could do it. Often, I suppose, will it be said, Why was this book not 
published long ago ?—It is so eminently practical! But it is much easier 
to give long detailed descriptions than short ones, specially adapted to 
certain purposes. It is much easier to enumerate a number of proposed 
remedies than to select just the right one. After all, we should not forget 
that during late years the busy and prominent students of economic ento- 
mology have advanced this department of the science in a manner never 
equalled before this time. 

The plan of the book is as follows: Twenty different fruits—all eatable 
without preparation (except quince and olive)—are treated in so many 
chapters. The insects injurious to them are arranged as attacking root, 
trunk, branches, leaves, fruit, always followed by the enemies of those 


120 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








enemies—the beneficial insects. The species are profusely illustrated with 
excellent, often superior wood cuts; the well-known cuts of Mr. C. V. 
Riley are largely represented, and rather dangerous for all others. 

The plain and judicious manner in which remedies are recommended 
is a decided and prominent feature of the book. There are no ambiguous, 
no large-mouthed sentences, no humbug about millions lost by such an 
enemy, or millions saved by such a remedy. ‘There is nothing but plain 
truth, said in the most unpretentious words. I think every scientific 
student is deeply obliged to the author for his happy innovation. 

Of course the author has, besides his own large experience, used all 
the rich and splendid discoveries and observations published by other 
scientists. The absence of quotation marks is entirely justified, as they belong 
to the history of the natural history, but not to a practical book intended 
for fruit-growers. Scientific students know where such facts are published, 
and the author has in the preface fully satisfied all economic entomolo- 
gists with his acknowledgments. It is obvious that in a book treating of 
the history of so many species, omissions and sometimes errors cannot be 
entirely avoided. Since the book is issued and the errors are insignificant, 
we may safely leave them to be corrected by the author himself. eve 
meruit | Dr. H. A. HAGEN: 


IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


In accordance with a resolution passed at a meeting of the Entomolo- 
gists in attendance at the Montreal Meeting of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1882, authorizing me to call 
and ‘to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at the 
future annual gatherings of the Association,” I herewith name Wednesday, 
August 15th, 3 o’clock p. m., as the time for the first of the series of the 
Minneapolis (Minn.) meetings, the place of meeting to be named hereafter. 

All interested in Entomology are respectfully invited to attend the 
meetings, and participate in the discussions. J. A. LINTNER. 

Albany, June 1, 1883. 


I have gathered, since the leaves fell, twenty-one cocoons of 4. Zuna, 
and each one bears evidence that it was spun after the larva left the tree 
on which it fed. WARNER W. GILBERT, Rochester, N. Y. 


(Printed June 16th, 1883.) 


Che Canadian Entomologist. 


VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., JULY, 1883. Now 7 




















NEW SPECIES AND NOTES ON STRUCTURE OF MOTHS 
AND GENERA. 


BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


(Continued from Page 87.) 


SYNEDOIDA MUCRONATA, DN. Ss. 


Eyes naked, lashed. Labial palpi with long cylindrical narrow third 
joint ; second joint heavily scaled. Abdomen untufted. Of an incon- 
spicuous fuscous or brownish gray, sprinkled with pale points, markings 
_all concolorous with the wing. The t. p. line is brown and distinct at 
costa, forming a strong tooth opposite cell, below this it is rounded over 
median nervules and fainter. Sub-terminal line straight, distinct, even, 
brown, and well marked. Reniform concolorous, constricted, with pale 
edging. T. a. line even, slightly arched. A terminal dentate line; 
fringes brownish. Hind wings sub-pellucid, irridescent whitish, with 
soiled veins, with vague brownish borders, beneath with dark dots on 
primaries, which become a clouded spot. Body brownish gray. This 
species has the form of Mr. Morrison’s Zeniocampa vegeta, but is of an 
ochrey fuscous gray, not at all reddish, or brown with a red tinge. 
Arizona. Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 33 mil. Tibiz apparently 
unarmed. 


LITOGNATHA LINEARIS, N. Ss. 


2. Asmall species, powdery fuscous, with the fore wings shaded 
with gray. Inner line single, a little curved ; outer median line distinct, 
dark brown, a little flexed, even, followed by a pale edging. S. t. line a 
faint pale shade. Outer portion of the wing darker shaded. Hind wings 
concolorous dark fuscous. Beneath paler with a faint dark common 
median shade. Head and collar somewhat ochrey. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 18 mil. 

I refer this species here doubtfully. It has something the look of 
a Thalpochares, but the neuration seems to differ decidedly. 


he 


Sick eee | 


~ = +1 ees 


122 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





SPARGALOMA PUNCTIPENNIS, Nl. S. 


@. Ihave only one specimen, which may not belong here. The 
wings are somewhat narrower than usual, the apices very pointed. _ The 
long terminal joint of the palpi is somewhat flattened. The color is a 
saturated ochre, somewhat pale. The fore wings are crossed by two 
thread-like, dark median lines, the outer produced opposite cell, the inner 
with a prominent indentation at middle, on cell. Median shade indicated. 
Reniform large, concolorous, outlined. A minute black dot before internal 
angle on the subterminal line. Hind wings darker, with a mesial line and 
following blackish subterminal shade. Beneath ochrey. Head and collar 
darker. Arizona, Coll. B. Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 24 mil. The 
colors are those of Zanclognatha, but the structure, so far as I can judge 
of the single female I have before me, is more like Sparga/oma than any 

‘genus known to me. 


In this paper I have described a number of Woctuide which have been - 
of great scientific interest. They have added to the number of strong 
genera, defined by natural characters, such as /ota and Rhodosea, and in 
addition we have forms which are remarkable from the fresh combination 
of characters which are found in other genera, such as Carneades and 
Trichorthosia. Undoubtedly this gradual work towards a comprehension 
of our Noctuid fauna has the disadvantage of being fragmentary, but it is 
inseparable from the conditions under which the new material is received. 
It is, I hope, all put into such shape that it can be used by the future 
monographer of the Family, which latter is probably the most extensive 
among the larger moths. 


HADENELLA, Gr. 


This genus is founded on a small species which at first sight looks like 
a small Oncocnemis; but there is a minute basal tuft on the abdomen, the 
thorax is thickly scaled behind, the vestiture is distinctly scaly. The lash- 
less eyes are naked. ‘The front is remarkable for a prolonged tubercle 
having a subcordate terminal face slightly impressed. Antenne simple, 
ciliate. The fore wings are entire, sub-triangulate, with well produced 
apices. The labial palpi are short, with small terminal article, just ex- 
ceeding the infra-clypeal plate. The type, 4% Pergentzlis Gr., has gray 
wings shaded with light ochrey or fawn. ‘The orbicular oblique, pale- 
ringed with blackish centre ; below it the longer claviform is similarly 
indicated. The reniform is transverse, black. There is a black, pre- 


eer a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 123 








apical, inwardly oblique shade, edged with pale. The fawn color spreads 
over apical region and obtains at base and over middle of wing. The 
interlined fringes are dotted black and white. _The lines are obsolete ; 
costal marks distinct; veins dotted. | A subterminal brownish shade fol- 
lowed by blackish, especially at anal angle. Hind wings pale fuscous. 
Washington Territory (coll. by Mr. Morrison). 


Ypsia UNDULARIS. 
I have been unable to find any spinules on the tibiee of this species. 


Ypsta UMBRINA. 
In this species (Pheocyma umbrina) the tibie are also unarmed. 


HoMmoptTeRA UNILINEATA. 

In this species the middle and hind tibiz are spinose. 
MATIGRAMMA RUBROSUFFUSA. 

In this species the middle tibize alone are spinose, and strongly so. 
HomopyRaLis MISERULATA. 

In this species the slender tibize are unarmed. 


PETROPHORA E;XCURVATA, DN. S. 

This species may be known by the markings being more distinct 
beneath, where the wings are crossed at the middle by a deep brown band 
filling in the outer median space between the median shade and the outer 
median line, the latter darker, pointed opposite the cell on fore wings and 
roundedly exserted in the same place on secondaries. A subterminal 
series of scalloped brown shades edged with pale outwardly. Fringes 
checkered. Fore wings with pointed apices; hind wings produced 
medially ; the fringe has a dark even line at. base. Above, these markings 
are more faintly reproduced; the s. t. line pale; the outer median line 
notched below costa, followed by a pale line. Beneath there are small 
linear discal marks on both wings. One specimen. Colorado, Coll. B. 
Neumoegen, Esq. Expanse 27 mil. 


PETROPHORA MIRABILATA, 0. S. 

Allied to HersiZiata. ‘Thorax and base of fore wings carneous gray ; 
abdomen whitish. A sub-basal bright fleshy-brown band angulated on its 
outer edge on submedian fold. Median space blackish gray, straightly 
limited outwardly, narrowed on submedian fold by the tooth of the ither 
line, widest at costa, crossed by indistinct dark lines, followed by a broad 
clear fleshy-brown band edged with white outside of the outer median 





124 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





line, extending to apices on costa, leaving the terminal space narrowly 
blackish gray, cut superiorly by the faint, white subterminal line ; fringes 
checkered. Hind wings ochrey whitish, with a faint dot and transverse 
lines. Beneath, four discal dots ; the wings are whitish gray, irrorate to 
the subterminal pale, fleshy-brown band; lines on hind wings more dis- 
tinct; markings of primaries reflected from above. Arizona. Coll. B. 
Neumoegen. Exp. 25 mil. The nearly perpendicular outer median line 
of primaries, edged with white, and the bright submedian and subterminal 
fields, distinguish it. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) GRISEARIA, 0. S. 

9. This species may be known by its large size, its clear black and 
white, pepper and salt color, in which the white largely predominates ; its 
resemblance to Amphidasys. White irrorate with black. Lines very dis- 
tinct, black ; the outer continuous, scalloped and_produced on the veins ; 
continued equally distinctly across the concolorous hind wings. Median 
and sub-basal lines near together, originating from costal spots. Sub- 
terminal line obsolete ; a black cloud on terminal field opposite cell; a 
slighter one before anal angle. On hind wings there are also some vague 
black terminal cloudings. A faint festooned terminal line marked by 
black points. Beneath vague, pale, discolorous ; discal marks faintly 
marked. Body like wings. This cannot be the female of Pudmonaria. 
Body like wings. Arizona. Exp. 36 mil. Coll. Neumoegen. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) SEPARATARIA, 0. S. 

gf. Allied to Humaria; the color is of an even mixed dove gray, the 
lines are accented and unequally distinct. Inner line roundedly oblique, 
marked on vein 1 and thence to margin; median shade line indistinct, 
near outer line, which is placed as in Humaria, uneven, produced on the 
veins. Discal mark indistinct. The black inner line is preceded by a 
faint shade line, and the outer line is followed by an indistinct shade line. 
Subterminal line whitish, toothed, upright, equally legible, followed by a 
black indistinct dentate line. The concolorous secondaries have the 
markings continuous, the median line distinct, discal mark indistinct. 
Beneath discolorous, very pale smoky, utterly immaculate. This species 
is intermediate between Humaria and Crepuscularia. Expanse 35 mil. 
Arizona. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) OBLIQUARIA, 0. S. 
a. Allied to 5-Znearia. Pale whitish gray. Inner median line 





a aaa aS ee LC rr CC 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 125 





black, roundedly oblique, continued as a black spot on extreme base of 
secondaries. Outer median line very oblique, running close to inner line 
below median vein, followed by a faint brownish shade. Subterminal 
field wide. S. t. line white, deeply scalloped, crossed by an oblique apical 
blackish shade ; terminal border darker gray on both wings; a distinct 
scalloped black terminal line; hind wings toothed, copying primaries ; 
faint discal ringlets on both wings ; the median lines black on hind wings, 
the inner less complete. Beneath pale, the lines feebly reflected ; four 
discal points. Female entirely dark gray, obscuring the lines, which can 
be made out to run as in the male, but are here finer, the white subter- 
minal waved line evident on both wings. Beneath of a freckled dark 
gray ; the four discal dots plain. Expanse, male, 24-26 mil.; female, 31 
mil. Arizona. 


CyMATOPHORA (BOARMIA) RUFARIA, 0. S. 

Q. This species is allied to Separataréa 2 in form and markings, 
but the hind wings are more cut off and straighter along external margin. 
The color is a pale reddish brown and is unusual. The subterminal line 
is whitish and distinct. Beneath, of a freckled brown with the four discal 
points marked. Above, the brown lines have the same course as in its 
ally ; the outer median line somewhat sinuous, oblique. Expanse 34 mil. 
Arizona. Coll. Neumoegen. 

TETRACIS GROTEARIA Pack. 

Three males and two females from Arizona vary much in color and 
distinctness of markings. This is smaller than Vidu/arza, which has the 
disc of thorax discolorous, but otherwise is very near to Packard’s species. 


ENDROPIA SESQUILINEARIA, 0. S. 
fq. Very large and with the look of a Caderodes. Fore wings 
pointed, very shallowly excavate and roundedly projected at middle of 


exterior margin. Pale fawn ochrey, with two ochre brown lines on fore- 


wings, and one (the outer) continuous over secondaries. Surface sparsely 
speckled. Four black discal points above and below. At place of sub- 
terminal line two pale flecks between veins 5 and 7, more distinct beneath, 
where they are edged inwardly by a line. Secondaries rounded. Allied 
to Vinulentaria. Expanse 42 mil. Arizona. Easily recognized and 
quite distinct from any other species. 


APLODES ARIZONARIA, 0. S. 
Allied to Packardaria (Rubrofrontaria Pack., 386) as I understand the 


126 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








remarks as to venation. Wings green, curiously mottled with pale, some- 
what strigose. Inner line on fore wings obsolete. Outer line white, 
straight, bent on secondaries, which have no inner line. Costa of fore 
wings red, more distinctly so beneath. Fringes all pale. Vertex white, 
collar red at base; tegule green; palpi red tipped ; legs white, fore legs 
shaded with red. Exp. 30 mil. Arizona. Type Coll. Neumoegen. 

This seems allied to the Californian Anaplodes Pistacearia of Packard, 
but the costa is wholly reddish above and below, beneath the wings are 
iridescent, pale greenish, without discal marks and only showing reflected 
the outer line. Above there are no discal marks. The two are evidently 
related ; the legs are defective in my type, otherwise fresh. 


CHLOROSEA ALBARIA. 

2. Head white on vertex; whitish on front, mixed with a few green 
scales. Palpi white, with a few dark scales at tips, rather short. Thorax 
greenish. Fore wings delicate green with two straight, parallel white 
median bands, rather near together, fringe white ; the costal edge does not 
seem discolorous, it is somewhat whitish above. Beneath, the bands are 
reflected. | Hind wings white, thinly scaled, translucent, without marks 
above and below, except a faint white discal mark. This moth should be 


known by its white secondaries, the pale green, somewhat mottled pri- - 


maries, the median bands being straighter, and equidistant as compared 
with Bistriavia. One specimen (abdomen wanting). Arizona. Expanse 
23 mil. 

The hind wings are slightly greenish and iridescent, and very frail, but 
contrast by their white color with primaries. They do not look faded. 


LITHOSTEGE ARIZONATA, D0. S. 

®. Smaller than the described species. Fore wings fuscous, shaded 
over with white. Median vein white; the inner oblique dark line appears 
below it. The outer line is marked by black spots on the veins. Sub- 
terminal line white, straight, a little rounded, the apical veins marked with 
white before it. Fringes distinctly white and gray, checkered. Hind 
wings elongate, rather pale fuscous, immaculate. Expanse 20 mil. 
Arizona. There are but two dark lines on the wing ; the inner very oblique 
and only marked inferiorly in the type. 

TETRACIS OBLENTARIA, 0. S. 

f. Two specimens with simple antenne and the hind margin of 
secondaries pointed in the middle, I would refer to Packard’s Parad/et- 





eG 





‘ <A 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


aria, but the secondaries are lined above, the discal dots obsolete beneath 
and the lines are further apart ; the general shape of the outer line and 
position is as given in his figure 43. Colorof Caberodes Metrocamparia, 


a fawn ochre, varying in pallor. Two brown diffuse lines, edged with pale | 


on fore wings ; the inner upright, but more or less uneven, in one example 
toothed on costa. Surface slightly irrorate ; a dark discal dot. Second- 
aries paler, with an incomplete mesial line, beneath more continuous and 
bent. A single outer common line beneath ; in one specimen the discal 


- points on primaries indicated. The inner line on primaries is obsolete 


beneath. Exp. 30 to 32 mil. Arizona. Two examples. Coll. Neumoegen. 


TETRACIS SIMPLICIARIA Gr. 

Two examples from Montana are smaller and paler than my Arizona 
type. In this species the wings are deep ochrey, the hind wings pale and 
unlined. The lines are pale on primaries, but one Montana male has them 
dark. 


THERINA FERVIDARIA Hubn. 
Two specimens from Arizona do not differ from the normal form. 


SEMIOTHISA S-SIGNATA Pack. 
In every variety. Sometimes the inner line is as distinct and broad as 
the outer. Sometimes the wing is ochrey, free from irrorations, again so 


blotched as to be nearly fuscous or blackish. I can find no grounds for 


naming the varieties, much less for finding different species. Arizona. 


Lussa, n. g. 

A Hadenoid ‘genus allied to PericEa, but of a singularly elongate 
form, recalling Cz/o. Abdomen slender, twlce as long as secondaries. 
Vestiture hair-like, mixed with rounded broader scales. Labial palpi 
curved up over the flattened front, the long hairs from the terminal joint 
reaching to base of antenne. Eyes naked; ocelli present, but small. 
Legs unarmed. _A tropical looking insect, at first sight seeming to be a 
Pyralid. 


LUSSA NIGROGUTTATA, 0. S. 

g. Antenne simple. The insect has the look of a Pyralid, but the 
maxillary palpi are not present, and as far as I can see, the neuration is 
Noctuidous. Body long, linear, slender, squamation appressed ; color a 
faded grayish clay, fore wings narrow at base, no marks but a few black 


dots, of which the subterminal series is continuous with a larger one at’ 





128 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





internal angle. Costal black points mark the inception of the lines, which 
are partially expressed, fine and dentate or uneven. Hind wings irides- 
cent with smoky borders. Collar edged with black. . Expanse 26 mil. 
Indian River. 


LYGRANTHOECIA ZTENUESCENS, N. S. 

Gf. Ishould refer this species to Huleucyptera had I described it 
before Mr. Smith’s valuable paper appeared. The fore tibiz are abbrevi- 
ate, on the inside with a long terminal claw, followed or preceded by two 
thin spinules ; on the inside there is a much shorter claw opposite the 
long one at the extremity of the joint on the outside, followed by a still 
shorter claw. The primaries are like Cumati/is, but the white band is 
very narrow, shaped like A/z/st/a,; here the colors are pale olive and sil- 
very white. Base olive, then the white median band, broadest on costa ; 
the outer portion pale olive cut by the rather broad white subterminal 
shade. ‘Tibiz spinose ; clypeus bulging. Differs structurally from Azta- 
plaga Dimidiata. Exp. 22 mil. Arizona. 


PyRRHIA ILLITERATA Gr. 

This is described by myself before Mr. Morrison or Prof. French 
named it. Unfortunately I have not my type ; if I recollect rightly, Mr. 
Thaxter has the species. It may be known at once by its brilliant orange 
red color, both wings alike, the markings of primaries black. It seemed 
to me to be Guenee’s aurantiago, though the figure in the Species General 
hardly resembles it except in color (pl. 7, fig. 1). My Heliothis Lupatus 
is founded on a specimen given me by Meske from Bastrop Co., Texas. 
The types of both are now in B. Mus. Zwfatus is very different in color 
(even from faded Z//zterata) and apparently in markings, reminding one 
of Heliothis dipsaceus. The color is a saturated ochre, somewhat intense, 
and the insect was concolorous. ‘To the best of my recollection, I deter- 
mined this species in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection correctly. I have no 
recollection of naming it for Prof. Riley ; if so, I did it in Washington, 
away from my collection. J regret I have no notes on tibial structure of 
either of these species ; I recollect examining the tibiee of Zwpatus and 
finding them armed, hence my reference. Of the tibie of ///‘terata, I 
have no recollection. It was described many years ago, but I should 
quickly identify the species, which I had no doubt was Prof. French’s (as 
I compared them). Mr. Smith’s remarks reveal an unexpected similarity 
between these insects, which can readily be cleared up the moment I get 
a specimen of ////terata again in my hands, 








; 
‘ 
F 
; 


wey 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 129 


TRICHOLITA INCONSPICUA, 0. Ss. 

gf. Antenne bi-pectinate ; front smooth; eyes hairy ; tibiae un- 
armed. Fore wings fuscous with obliterate markings. | Reniform white, 
moderate, orbicular a small white fleck. Fringes cut with pale. Hind 
wings whitish with vague border; minute discal dot visible beneath. This 
species is smaller than the other two, the reniform obtuse, with a central 
line, not L-shaped. Beneath the fore wings are pale, the discal dot set in 
a pale ring and unusual in appearance. Expanse 25 mil. Arizona. Coll. 
Neumoegen. 

METALEPSIS Gr, 

Male antennae bipectinate. Collar discolorous, slightly hollowed out. 
Eyes naked, lashed. Labial palpi not exceeding front, with small and 
conical third article. . Tibiae armed. Abdomen untufted. Vestiture 
hairy. Wings entire. Body rather hairy. The type is: 

1. Cornuta Gr. California. 

This genus differs in the structure of thorax from Pachnobia, the type 
of which is Carnea from Europe, Labrador and White Mts. 


PHEOCYMA TERMINA, 0. S. 

2. Allied to Ldusina. Basal field of primaries dark brown, darker 
than the wings, which are obscure brown. ‘The t. p. line indented opposite 
the cell, following the shape of the inconspicuous reniform. A paler shade 
outside of the basal field ; all the lines and shades inconspicuous. An 
oblique apical shade. ‘The external margins in both wings denticulate, 
as are the fringes. Hind wings a little more yellowish brown with 
indistinct, transverse, somewhat undulate lines, the middle one distinct, 
dark brown. Beneath obscurely colored, white costal dots ; extra-mesial 
line tolerably distinct, crossing both wings ; secondaries crossed by several 
indistinct lines ; a terminal series of illegible white points. Two or three 
specimens. Arizona. Expanse 30 mil. Types of #dusina are in Cam- 
bridge. I use this genus instead of /fomoptera. 

SEMIOTHISA PATRICIATA, N. S. 

§. Antennz with very short teeth. Allied to A/w/titineata, but dif- 
fering by the median line being single. Primaries falcate, crossed by 
three sub-parallel, deep brown lines; the inner with a costal tooth, the 
median arising from a costal spot, the outer almost imperceptibly bent at 
costa, all even, hardly oblique ; the outer followed by a faint line margin- 
ing inwardly the pale brown subterminal band, which reaches across both 


130 - THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





wings and widens on secondaries. The outer line crosses a.spot on” 
median vein. ‘The subterminal line is broader, paler brown, and is broad- 
ly marked on costa. Secondaries like primaries in color and distinct 
markings, dentate, tailed ; a discal spot between the two vividly marked 
median lines. The color is a dove gray, except the brown subterminal 
band. Beneath diffusely shaded with blackish and yellowish, more 
coarsely irrorate, markings repeated. Head and antenne yellowish. 
Very distinctly marked and peculiar. Expanse 26 mil. North Carolina. 
Coll. Neumoegen. 


PROSOPARIA PERFUSCARIA, N. g. et s. 


gf. Antenne bipectinate. Above wholly dark fuscous, the primaries 
with two dark, tolerably propinquitous median lines, the outer continued 
over hind wings. Beneath paler, somewhat ochrey, with a common ex- 
terior dark shaded band. ‘The insect has the appearance of /idonia ; 
the under surface differs by its uniform appearance. Expanse 18 mil. 
Arizona. Coll. Neumoegen. . 

This genus differs from /7donia by the unusually long labial palpi, 
which are projected nearly straightly forwards, and extend for half their 
length beyond the clypeus. Front scaled with a median ridge, formed by 
the flattened scales meeting from both sides. Hind tibia with two pair 


of spurs. Legs slender, closely scaled. The insect has the appearance 
of Fidonia ( Perconia). 


FIDONIA PARTITARIA, Na. S. 


£2. Allied to /imetarta, but distinguished by the females being of 
a light ochrey. The male is fuscous, allowing two common lines to be 
faintly made out ; the costa near apex shows two pale abbreviate bands, 
and a subterminal series of spots is inaugurated to be discontinued. 
Fringes checkered. The female is pale ochrey above, allowing two dusky 
lines to be seen, and with the costa still paler; a subterminal series of 
pale spots. Beneath the hind wings show three bands of nearly coalesced 
white spots, the basal band often broken; the base shows a white spot, the 
ground color, an olive ochrey, appears narrowly between the bands. In 
the male the ovate spots are reduced, silverywhite, separate. Fore wings 
with the disk fuscous, darker in male, the costal region ochrey, allowing 
the lines to be seen. Arizona. Several specimens coll. Neumoegen. 
Expanse, f 16, 2 18 mil. 








ve 











TELESILLA NAVIA Harvey. 


No doubt exists in my mind that this is very different from C7nereola 
by its pallid, ochrey color, its darker median field narrowing inferiorly, 
bulging out opposite cell and better defined on both sides from the rest of 
the wing. The shape of the t. p. line is thus different from C7nevreo/a, 
running in more below median vein. Mr. Morrison’s species of Ze/eszdla 
is Gueneeé’s Ga/gu/a, and does not belong here at all. 


SCOLECOCAMPIN. 


Under this sub-family name I arrange Doryodes, Eucalyptera, Scoleco- 
campa, Phiprosopus, Cilla and Amolita. 


In my opinion, the genera of our N. Am. Noctuidz are well enough 
defined in my writings, and in part in Guenee’s, to arrange our species. 
What is needed is a nearer study of our fauna with the European. A 
merely arbitrary change in the location of the genera gives a color to a 


wide divergence in appreciation of character, which can no longer, exist, 


since all the natural characters have been exposed by me. I have gradu- 
ally changed the basis in literature of Gueneé’s genera and worked out 
their association in groups, which shed a light over the mass of forms in 
discussing them, but are sub-families without strong exclusive characters. 
Wider or more pointed wings, longer legs, or an exaggeration of character 
mark, forinstance, Scodecocampa as compared with Doryodes, but the linear 
body, oblique palpi, (often smoky at the sides in this group) the dots on 
reniform, the pointed apices and slender feet, mark the group as a whole. 
In Senta the body is flat, the wings are Crambiform. It is a different 
type, and I leave it with Wovagrza for the present The body is nowhere 
so long and linear ( Chz/oform) as in Doryodes and allies. 


I refer the student to my paper on Cv//a distema (Am. Ent. 1, 100), 
where I show the affinity of Sco/ecocampa, Eucalyptera, Cilla, Amolita 
and Doryodes, all of which were known to me in nature. For this group, 
which I remove out of the Movagriine M., 1 propose the term Sco/eco- 
campine. The structural differences between Zeburna and Bipuncta are 


very slight, although there is so much difference in size ; Odscura seems 


intermediate in this respect. I do not know, as I have elsewhere said, 
Thaumatopsis longipalpus. \t cannot, I think, be C7//a distema, which 
is a pallid bipunctate form, without the median longitudinal shade which 
is characteristic of Doryodes, is marked in Amolita, and faint in Luca- 


pod * 
ieee eo 


~ ed 


Pee ite 


” 


JRA 4 ee ae 


132 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


lyptera. The dotted discal stigmata (ringed alsoin Zz6urna) and smoky 
pallid colors, are characteristic. 

The species have rostrate palpi, stretching forwards or but Hiahtly in- 
clined ; variable in length, reminding one of Craméus, and as the insects 
are miterna| feeders in the larva state, as far as we know, the group is best 
placed between the Gortynas and Nonagrians. ‘They seem to me a dis- 
tinct sub-family group, the body being slender, even in Scolecocampa 
Ziburna, and long compared with wings, which are narrowest and most 
pointed in Doryodes. The legs are slender and long, comparatively, and 
unarmed. ‘The structural features remind us of Cfz/o and the lower 
Crambide. The sub-family Scolecocampine is one of the most curious in 
the Woctuida, and hardly yields to the Vonagriine in general interest. 

The species of this sub-family may be arranged as follows : 


SCOLECOCAMPINE M. 
SCOLECOCAMPA Guen. 
1. Liburna Geyer. 
Ligni Guen, 
EUCALYPTERA Morr. 
2, Obscura Gr. 
Bipuncta Jor. 


w 


DoryobeEs Guen. 


4. Acutaria “7. ‘S. 
? Bistriaris Geyer. 
5. Spadania G'ven. 
AMOLITA Gr. 
6, Fessa G7. 
CILLA Gr. 
7. Distema Gr. ‘ 


ADIPSOPHANES TERMINELLUS, N. s. 

In this genus the collar is roundedly bulged in front, and there is a 
small tuft behind it. The wings are finely lined, Cuwcw//ia-like, and the 
slender gray species have white sub-pellucid secondaries, which in J/7s- 
cellus have diffuse smoky borders, but in Zerméne//us have the apical edge 
marked with blackish fuscous while the wing itself is pure translucent 
white ; while in the type species it is slightly smoky. The new form, from 
Texas, is a little more robust than A/¢sce//us ; it differs by the terminal 
space on fore wings being shaded with blackish, the lines on interspaces 





eee 





7 


— !* 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 133 


distinct, black ; the median lines marked in black on costa ; the outer line 
continued outwardly some distance and then broken into dots; the inner 
line apparent again at internal margin. ‘The smoky median shade appar- 
ent near the t. p. line. Otherwise Zerméne//us much resembles the less 
distinct MWesce//us, from which a quick distinguishing mark is further a 
black band across the pallid front. Palpi gray at tip and beneath. Un- 
der surface white and very distinct by the dark contrasting terminal field, 
the outer median line again appearing and vividly black on costa. Fringe 
checkered. Hind wings beautifully iridescent, no discal marks. In my 
collection. 

CLEORA VENATA, DN. S. 

Male and female. ‘This differs by the male antennze being simple, not 
plumose ; from WVegvovenaria by the outer black median line arising near 
the apex, accentuated on the veins. The veins are more or less black. 
Coarsely speckled with brownish black and very pale ground. Inner 
median line with a long, large tooth on cell reaching to discal mark. <A 
dotted mesial line on the paler irrorate secondaries, which show a faint 
discal dot. One male variety has the median space suffused with blackish 
brown. Body pale. Size large. Outer median line less oblique than in 
C. Umbrosaria,; itis indented opposite cell and runs again inwardly below 
vein 3. Beneath paler with reflected coarse speckling and outer dotted 
line. Fringe checkered. Expanse 40 mil. ‘Three examples from-Mon- 
tana in Mr. Neumoegen’s, one in Mr. Hill’s collection. 


SEMIOTHISA DENTICULATA, 0. s. 

?. The outer margins are dentate, not ‘“ tailed” on secondaries, 
with a distinct brown line and tinge. | Wings of a clear white above, the 
primaries crossed by four faint brown lines marked on costa, the subter- 
minal faint. Opposite the cell the outer line and the subterminal beyond 
it are slightly accented with blackish. |The outer median line is accented 
and the strongest marked. ‘The hind wings somewhat speckled. This 
species may be known by its china-white tint of both wings above, the 
surface being very slightly powdered with gray, and the brown terminal 
line and dentate margins of the wings. The body is grayish-white and 
beneath the bands and costal edges are ochrey ; a fuscous shade, cut by 
the ochrey veins, following the third or outer median line. ‘The legs are 
ochrey or yellowish. California. Exp. 25 mil. 


134 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 
TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, MAY, 23883: 


The Royal Society of Canada having invited the Entomological Society 
of Ontario to send a delegate to their recent meeting in Ottawa, the 
Council recognizing the importance of the work undertaken by the Royal 
Society and anxious to do all in their power to further the advancement of 
Science, especially in the department of Natural History, appointed Mr. 
James Fletcher, of Ottawa, to represent the Entomological Society on that 
occasion. Mr. Fletcher was present, took part in the proceedings and 
submitted the following report: 

To the President and Members of the Royal Society of Canada: 

GENTLEMEN,—In response to the invitation received by the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario to send a delegate to the meetings of the Royal 
Society of Canada, the Council of Management gladly avail themselves 
of the privilege so accorded them of being represented on this occasion. 

As their delegate I shall endeavor to submit for your information, in as 
brief a manner as possible, some of the main features relating to the 
origin and progress of the Society, now so well known as the Entomologi- 
cal Society of Ontario. — It was organized in 1863 under the name of the 
Entomological Society of Canada, by a few naturalists living in different 
parts of the Provinces, who met together at Toronto for this special pur- 
pose. Its membership, at first, was only 16, and this number included all 
those then known to be interested in the study ef insect life in Canada. 
From this small beginning the Society has steadily increased until its mem- 
bership now reaches upwards of 500. 

; The benefits of organization and united effort were soon manifested by 

the rapid accumulation of valuable facts relating to scientific and economic 
entomology. Formerly this material was, from time to time, published in 
the pages of the Canadian Journal; but the increased interest in the work 
of the Society, and its larger membership, rendered it necessary in a few 
years to establish a periodical of its own, entirely in the interests of Ento- 
mology. On August rst, 1868, appeared the first number of the CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST, a monthly periodical which has from that time forward 
been regularly issued, and which was for some years the only publication 
on the continent of America devoted solely to this important branch of 
natural science. It has now reached its fifteenth volume. From the out- 
set its pages have been almost entirely filled with the records of onginal 











THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. fae 





work ; and during its existence it has been the means of disseminating a 
vast amount of scientific knowledge, which has been of benefit not only 
to Canada, but to the world at large. In this connection it may not be 
out of place to quote the opinion of one of the leading American ento- 
mologists. Prof. Grote, of New York, in his late work on the Noctuide, 
when enumerating the sources of intormation of value to entomological 
students, speaks of the organ of our Society in the following compli- 
mentary terms: 

“The treatise of Dr. Harris, which has become classical on its subject, 
“did much towards creating a general interest in entomology. But the 
“publication of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, a journal aided pecuni- 
“arily by the Ontario Government, and owing its Success chiefly to the 
‘‘unselfish labors of Mr. William Saunders, has assisted the progress of 
“entomology in America probably more than any one other similar 
** undertaking.” 

The work of our Society has also been favorably commented upon 
abroad, and a regular system of exchange of publications has been estab- 
lished with many of the important learned Societies of Europe. In 
addition to the good work done by the issue of the CanapiaAN ENromo- 
Loctst, collectors have been materially aided in their studies by the classi- 
fied lists of the different orders of Canadian insects which. have been 
published as the material for the purpose was gathered together. The 
extensive collection exhibited by the Society at the Centennial Exhibition 
at Philadelphia, attracted much notice, and was admitted by all who saw 
it to be most creditable to Canada. At the request of the Dominion 
Government a similar collection has been sent to England as part of 
Canada’s contribution to the International Fisheries Exhibition. 

Beyond this purely scientific work, the Society has, in a series of 13 
Annual Reports on Insects Injurious and Beneficial to Agriculture, given 
to the farming community a large amount of useful information. 

The Government of Ontario recognising the good work thus accom- 
plished, incorporated the Society as the Entomological Society of Ontario 
under the ‘“ Agriculture and Arts Act” in 1870; and at the same time 
gave material aid by allowing a liberal annual grant from the public funds. 

In view of the necessity for the constant interchange of specimens 
between students in every department of natural history, in order that, by 
comparison of other forms, their studies may be thorough, the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario respectfully suggest that the Royal Society of 








136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Canada should use its influence to secure a more liberal interpretation of 
the postal regulations, with reference to the exchange of specimens between 
students in Canada and those in the United States and Europe, particu- 
larly in the closely allied sciences of Entomology and Botany. 

And it would also further suggest that a representation be made to the 
Government to the end that arrangements be made whereby scientific 
bodies may be permitted to import, free of duty, any engravings, wood- 
cuts, lithographs, electrotypes, or other illustrations which they may 
require for their publications. 

The members of the Entomological Society of Ontario have learned 
with much pleasure that the Royal Society has already taken some steps 
towards the establishment of a National Museum, and believing that such 
an institution would very appreciably assist the whole cause of science in 
Canada, they take this opportunity of assuring the Royal Society that they . 
will be pleased to help in every way in their power towards this end by 
collecting specimens or otherwise. _ 

Signed on behalf of the Council, 

Ottawa, May 22, 1883. J. FLETCHER, Delegate. 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THECLA 
FROM: FLORIDA. 


Be Wie, SEL. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


THECLA WITTFELDII. 


Ma._e—Expands 1.5 inch. 

Upper side black-brown ; primaries have a large oval stigma ; .second- 
aries have the edge of hind margin on posterior half pale metallic blue ; a 
large fulvous spot in second median interspace over a black spot on the 
margin ; two tails, the posterior one very long, measuring .24 inch on 
anterior side, the other .1 inch ; black, tipped with white ; fringes of pri- 
maries fuscous, of secondaries same to upper median nervule, then white, 
and next anal angle, long, brown, witha whitish line running through them. 

Under side dark brown, the hind margins narrowly edged by white ; 
the costal edge of primaries next base red; both wings crossed by two 
macular white lines, the outer one sub-marginal, nearly parallel to the 
margins, and quite regular, broken at the nervules, crenated on posterior 





oo 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 137 


half of secondaries and ending in an oblique streak up the inner margin ; 
each spot edged black on outer side, and on primaries, in the median 
interspaces, there is more or less fulvous outside the black ; on secondaries 
is a large spot on the margin behind lower median nervule, made by blue- 
white scales on the brown ground ; and in the next interspaces are three 
deep red fulvous spots, diminishing gradually in size, the outer one some- 
times obsolete, the largest with a black patch on its marginal side ; anal 
angle black, overlaid on inner margin by white and a red streak ; the inner 
of the two lines is extra-discal, somewhat irregular, especially on second- 
aries, and joins the other at the lower median nervule of secondaries, then 
makes an angle in sub-median interspace, and ends in a streak up inner 
margin ; in cell of each wing two parallel abbreviated white streaks or bars. 

Female—Expands 1.7 inch. - 

Upper side as in the male, except the stigma; the tails measure .26 
and .t2 inch respectively ; under side as in the male. 

From 3 f 1 @ taken by Dr. Wm. Wittfeld, at Indian River, Florida, 
1883. ‘This observer, in the past three years, has done more to elucidate 
the biological history of the Lepidoptera of Florida, than any one who 
has preceded him in that section, and he has discovered a remarkable 
number of new species of butterflies especially, and has introduced to the 
N. Am. fauna many other species both of butterflies and sphinges, which 
though previously described, had not been seen in the U. States. I take 
pleasure in naming this fine Thecla for Dr. Wittfeld. 


The examples were sent me labelled Favonius, a species quite distinct 
from the present, which in several respects is near to CaZanus. It differs 
from Ca/anus by the greater size, the very long tails, and in the inner of 
the two transverse lines beneath, which is single, whereas in Ca/anus this 
line 1s double, or chain-shaped ; the parallel bars in the cells are like those 
of Calanus,; also like Crysa/us, and such bars are found in no other of 
the American species. 


IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


In accordance with a resolution passed at a meeting of the Entomolo- 
gists in attendance at the Montreal Meeting of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1882, authorizing me to call 
and ‘to provide for similar meetings for Entomological discussions at the 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


future annual gatherings of the Association,” I herewith name Wednesday 
August r5th, 3 o’clock p. m., as the time for the first of the series of the 
Minneapolis (Minn.) meetings, the place of meeting to be named hereafter. 
All interested in Entomology are respectfully invited to attend the 
meetings, and participate in the discussions. 





Albany, June 1, 1883. 


J. A. LINTNER. 


RECORD OF ACTUAL. DATES OF ISSUE OF CANADIAN 
ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Nore.—It is intended hereafter to give in each. number of the CAN. 
Env. the date of actual issue of the previous number. 


We give the dates from Jan. 1, 1882. 


Vol. XIV., No. 1, January — issued February 2, 1882. 
" w 2, February " " 23: ail 
" « 3, March " March 31, 1 
" » 4, April " May 18, 
rf n 5, May " June245 2 a 
" 1 6, June " july. 2633om 
" n 7, July " August 21, 41 
" 1 8, August " October 18, 
" 1 9, September " November 18, 1 
" 1 10, October " December i4, 1 
" » 11, November January 5, 1883. 
" i202, Wecemberaaaen January 29, 1 
WVolixv. 1 I, January " February 21, 1 
' 1 2, February " March 18, 11 
" 1 3, March " April’ Gespin 
" » 4, April " May 18, 
" n 5, May " May 26, un 
" i, ©, -june " jumie 26a 





CORRESPONDENCE. 





ZELLER’S COLLECTIONS, ERRATA, ETC. 
Editor Can. Ent.: Yn a recent letter from Lord Walsingham I am 
informed that he has “just bought all the collections of the late Prof. 


Zeller.” This will be good news for American Micro-lepidopterists, as 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 139 





Prof. Zeller has described a great number of American species, and the 
types, in Lord Walsingham’s possession, will be far more available for 
assistance in the determination of our indigenous species than they would 
be if placed in some continental museum. His Lordship has kindly given 
so much aid to those of us who are interested in his specialty, in this 
country, that we have sufficient reason to rejoice over the increased facili- 
ties for the study of our Micros which he will have in the possession of 
this far-famed collection. 

Referring to his recent ‘‘ Notes on American Tineide,” Lord Wal- 
singham wishes me to ** point out with his concurrence and apologise for 
the error” that his genus /d@ostoma—tirst characterized under the name 
Ldioglossa in the Proc. Ent. Soc. of London, 1881, p. 273—is but a syn- 
onym of Frey and Boll’s AZetamorpha, Stet. Ent. Zeit., 1878, p. 277—the 
species described in the ** Notes” as americed/a Wlsm., being the same as 
M. miraculosa Frey and Boll. 

In this connection it may be well for me to change the names of two 
species of Gelechia described by me in the December number of the 
Can. Env. for 1881, the names there published being, as I am informed 
by Lord Walsingham, pre-occupied by European species in the same genus. 
The name /orvmose//a for the species rolling leaves of laurel oak, is hereby 
changed to verne//a, in reference to its occurrence in spring-time only, so 
far as I have been able to observe. — G. cinere//a, the species mining and 
crumpling the edges of the leaves of So/anum Carolinense, may hereafter 
be known as G. tnconspicuella. 

The pretty little Zzthoco//etis described in the same paper under the 
name of L. gregarie//a, is, in Lord Walsingham’s opinion, identical with 
Clemens’ Z. desmodiella (see ** Notes,” p. 202). Mr. Chambers, on the 
contrary, wrote me this spring that he was quite convinced that it was 
distinct from Clemens’ species. Since specimens bred from the same 
plant and even from the same mine, vary in shade and in intensity of the 
ornamentation, it is not surprising that some quite marked differences 
should exist between examples mining Desmodium and those mining 
Phaseolus, and yet these differences may not be of specific value. Never 
having seen an undoubted specimen of desmodie//a, I am not competent 
to express an opinion on this subject, and am quite willing to accept the 
determination of Lord Walsingham. 


Mary E. MurtTre_pvi. 
Kirkwood, Mo., June 12, 1883. 


140 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





INSECTS AFFECTING DRUGS. 


Editor Can. Ent.—Dear Sir: To the list of drug insects observed 
m this country, as given by Mr. Wm. Edwin Saunders in the May number 
of the CanapIAN ENromo.ocist, I have two additions to make. One is 
the Tobacco-beetle, ZLastoderma serricorne Fabr., a well known pest in 
many cigar factories in the U.S. I found this in a drug store at Detroit, 
Mich., where the larvee had completely honeycombed a lot of rhubarb. 
The same habit of the species has been recorded by European writers. 
The second addition is Cryphalus jalappe Letzner, a small, inconspicuous 
Scolytid beetle, probably originating from Mexico, which has been carried 
by commerce all over the world. It was first found by Mr. H. G. Hub- 
bard and myself in 1874, in the Medical Laboratory of the U.S. Navy 
Yard at Brooklyn, N. Y., and later observed by myself in drug stores at 
Detroit, Mich, ‘and Washington, D.C. It occurs only in Radix jalappe. 
The species has to my knowledge never before been recorded from North 
America, but will no doubt be found wherever the drug mentioned above 
is kept. Yours truly, 

Washington, D. C., June 8, 1883. E. A. SCHWARZ. 


DAMAGE CAUSED BY ANTS. 


Early in the month of June I discovered that certain portions of the 
flooring and supports of my verandah were giving way, and I accordingly 
sent for a carpenter to do the necessary repairs. On taking up the flooring 
I found two nests of large black ants, and examination showed that nearly 
the whole damage was caused by these insects. Large joists were very 
much excavated, and in some cases eaten completely through; two pillars 
or posts eight inches square were eaten out to a distance of some two feet 
from the floor, and unless prompt measures had been taken the corner of 
the verandah would in all probability have given way. I had noticed 
these ants for a couple of years back, but never dreamt that they were so 
numerous or were doing so much injury. I sent specimens to my friend, 
Dr. Hagen, and asked his opinion as to remedy. He writes me that the 
ant is Formica ligniperda Latr. (Camponotus ligniperdus Mayr). He 
recommends an application of boiling water in which soft soap has been 
largely dissolved. E. B. REED. 


Che Canadien Entomologist. 








VOL. XV. LONDON, ONT., AUGUST, 1883. No. 8 








To the Editor of the Can. Ent. : 


Dear Srtr,—I send you some remarks by Dr. A. Speyer upon certain 
forms and species of Pamphila which I recently submitted to him. I had 
especially called Dr. Speyer’s attention to the Comma group, and as will 
be seen, he has very kindly compared them with Comma and its varieties, 
and gives his views at length. I have italicised certain portions of the 
paper, to which I desire to call particular attention ; and have appended 
some notes of my own, written after carefully considering the views of 
Dr. Speyer, and a re-study of the forms spoken of. ‘The excellent trans- 
lation of Dr. Speyer’s paper, was made by Chas. E. Aaron, A. M., of Phila- 
delphia, at the instance of his son, Mr. E. M. Aaron, Curator of the Am. 
Ent. Soc. : Yours truly, 


Coalburgh, W. Va., rst July, 1883. W. H. Epwarps. 


REMARKS ON THE HESPERIDA SENT TO ME BY MR. W. 
H: EDWARDS, OF COALBURGH, W. VA., IN JAN., 1883. 


In order to be able to decide with some degree of certainty the 
question whether Pamphila Wevada, Manitoba, Colorado, Juba and 
Sylvanoides (Columbia), proposed by Mr. Scudder as distinct species, 
are, together or separately, specifically different from the European P. 
Comma 1.., there would be need of a much larger suite of well preserved 
specimens of these forms than have been placed at my command; and 
perhaps even such a suite would not have sufficed to establish a conclu- 
sion, but observation in the field alone would justify a final decision. 
What I have to say upon the subject, on the basis of the madequate 
material on hand, is as follows : j 


It was my especial wish, in addition to the large number of specimens 
at my command of the typical P. Comma of Middle Europe, and of its 


142 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Arctic variety Catena, to be able also to compare specimens from the 
Asiatic part of its boreal faunal range with the American representatives 
of this widely diffused species. 

Dr. Staudinger had the kindness to send at my request from his rich 
collections a supply of these from widely separated regions of Northern, 
Middle and Eastern Asia (from Amasia, Lebanon and other provinces, 
and from the Amoor country). There are among them interesting forms, 
differing more or less, and in some instances very materially, from the 
Middle European type. Zhe expectation that perhaps one or another of 
these might be identical with an American form, has not been realised. 
Occasionally, it is true, an approach occurs, but for the most part their 
variations from the type lie in a different direction than toward the 
American forms. They afford, however, ample evidence of the great 
variability of the species under the pressure of various climatic and other 
external conditions. 

In the structure of the body, and in the form of the antennee, palpi 
and legs, I have been able to find no difference between Scudder’s species 
and Comma. Iwas unable to examine the miale abdominal appendages. 
The coloration of the under side varies considerably, but offers no avail- 
able characteristics for the separation of individual forms. Sometimes the 
secondaries are distinctly veined. Also as to the bright or dull colors of 
the square spots, their extraordinary variation of size, the presence or 
absence of their black border, no exact forms can be defined, as all these 
pass into each other by imperceptible gradations. 

Juba differs from Comma, as also from its American congeners, m 
several particulars. 1 compare four specimens of this form (one pair 
from Utah and another from California), all unfortunately more or less 
worn and mutilated. They answer well to Scudder’s description and illus- 
tration (Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. i1., p. 349, pl. x., figs. 19, 
20), except that the primaries of the female are more pointed than shown 
in fig. 20. (1). /wba is larger than Comma. (2). It has a somewhat dif- 
ferent outline of wings, a long, slightly concave costal margin and a more 
oblique border of the primaries, which causes the apex of the wings to 
project more prominently. (3). The ground color of the primaries is a 
bright orange, especially in the female; the brown marginal band very 
dark, and toward the lower end much more sharply defined than in 
Comma. It presents on the inner side strong rounded or toothed projec- 
tions, while the bright ground-color on the branches of the median vein 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 143 


and of the dorsal vein extends far into it. On the upper side of the 
secondaries the orange forms on the dark ground very broad macular 
bands. (4). The discal stigma of the male is longer than in Comma, pro- 
portionately narrow, its upper end pointed and distinctly bent, not so 
straight as in Comma and in the other American species. (5). In the 
female, two dark-brown spots, separated by the second nervule, stand out 
very prominently on the bright ground in the disk of the primaries, and 
between them and the dark margin is a broad space of clear orange. In 
Comma § the two spots are also present, but mostly united, and cohering 
with the dark spot below the apex of the wings ; but the two spots are not 
so dark nor so sharply defined and prominent as in /wéa, and they are 
separated from the dark margin, not by a broad bright space, but usually 
only by a narrow macular band. ‘The under side of the secondaries is in 
Juba as strongly sprinkled with fuscous as the variety Catena, and has 
also equally large, bright, white checkered spots. In one female (from 
California), the arrangement of these spots corresponds with Comma 
(Catena); in the other three, the row of spots is more irregular and 
broken, while the spot between the 4th and 6th nervules is quite separated 
from the 6th cell, and is placed nearer to the margin. In two specimens 
(male and female) the spots are united. Evidence is thus afforded that 
the form and order of these spots, even in specimens undoubtedly closely 
related, are subject to great variation. 

Juba is in any case a very well-marked local form of Comma. Lf a 
comparison of a sufficiently large number of specimens should prove the 
above mentioned differences, or even a part of them, to be constant, then 
Juba might even claim to rank as a species. It is probable however that 
transitions will yet be found. 

The few specimens of. Vevada, Colorado and Manitoba which I am 
able to compare (2 of Wevada, 7 of Colorado and 2 of Manitoba) of 
course justify no positive decision as to Mr. Scudder’s assumption that 
they are true species. / can only say that their differences are not clear 
to me, and that the examples sent to me, as well as Mr. Scudder’s figures, 
give me the impression rather of varieties than of specifically distinct 
forms. Henceforth I will class them together in order to compare them, 
as a whole, with Comma. 

In the size, shape, color and markings of the upper side of the wings, 
as well as in the form of the discal stigma, I find no variation from 
Comma, but in one particular none of the compared American insects 


144 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


* 


entirely agree with European and Astatic Comma, namely, in the shape 


and arrangement of the white spots on the under side of secondaries. The 


interrupted row of spots beyond the middle of the secondaries in typical 
Comma consists, as 1s well known, of six more or less quadrangular spots 
separated by the nervules, two of which, often somewhat larger and oblong 
in shape, stand below the costal margin in cellules 7 and 6, one (a double 
spot) between nervules 4 and 6 opposite the middle cell, and also one in 
cellules 3, 2 and r, which last usually has an appendage turned toward 
the inner angle. ‘These spots form two rows which meet at an angle of 
from 65° to go, in the vertex of which stands the spot between nervules 
4and 6. ‘The three upper spots always, and the three lower ones usually, 
form a straight row with the spot standing in the vertex of the angle ; 
sometimes these lower spots stand somewhat out of line and farther from 
the spot in the vertex. The size of the spots varies in individual speci- 
mens very considerably ; sometimes they become so small that they stand 
widely separated from each other, sometimes so large that they entirely 
meet. Rarely one of the spots is wanting (that in cellule 1 or in cellule 
7). In the American specimens, on the other hand, the greatest variation 
in the form, size, number and arrangement of these spots is presented, 
even ii such as Mr. Scudder includes in the same species (e. g. Colorado) ; 
and not one of them shows the form and arrangement of the spots as 
described in typical Comma. Even the two sexes in these forms seem to 
differ much more strongly than in Comma, which shows scarcely any 
recognizable difference between the male and female, except that in the 
latter the spots are usually larger than in the male. A second noteworthy 
difference between European Comma and its American congeners ts that in 
the former the fringes on the under side are always spotted with fuscous, 
at least (in secondaries) on their lower half, while in the American forms 
the fringes are as a rule unspotted. Yet this distinction is not invariable, 
for two of the specimens submitted to me (a male of Colorado and one 
of Manitoba) haxe spotted fringes.  Zhere exists then, so far as LI can 
discover, only the difference drawn from the under side of secondaries, 
which, if it were constant, would suffice to separate the American forms 
Jrom Comma. But that it is constant appears to me somewhat improba- 
ble, on account of the very great variability which is shown in the shape, 
number and arrangement of the square spots in the American specimens 
of these forms ; and /uwda (as above remarked) gives a direct proof that 
we can not rely upon this feature. A second proof is furnished by Mr. 





=—7) 


Ae a ee Ss 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 145 


Scudder’s figures of Manitoba, one of which, fig. 10, does not differ in 
any respect from many forms of European Comma in the character of the 
rows of spots, while the remaining figures (and still more decidedly my 
two natural specimens) deviate therefrom. We also conclude from Scud- 
der’s descriptions that in this point J/Zanztoba can scarcely, if at all, be 
separated from Comma by any constant difference. 

Finally, concerning the two specimens numbered 18 and 19, and 
labeled Sy/vanotdes,* I have first to remark that they, especially the 
female, do not agree well with Scudder’s figures and descriptions. Accord- 
ing to the latter, “two transparent spots” are said to be present in the 
female on the primaries, to which Scudder gives especial prominence as a 
characteristic feature (p. 352, plate x., fig. 21). In my female specimen 
(which is quite perfect) no transparent spots are to be seen, but the spots 
have exactly the color and form of those in Comma. Ln fact this fematle 
entirely resembles an average small Comma female, with this difference, 
that the fringes are unspotted, and that the spot in cellule 7 on the under 
side of secondaries is wanting. he latter difference is probably only an 
accidental one, as Scudder’s figure shows this spot. // / Aad taken this 
specimen here, [ would have regarded it as without doubt an unimportant 
variety of Comma, and I am inclined to believe that specimens may be 
found on Vancouver Island which do not differ from the female of typical 
Comma. Lven the differences of the male do not appear to me of suffi- 
cient importance to make it possible to regard this Sylvanoides as anything 
more than a local form of Comma. 

I know Boisduval’s description of his Hesperia Sy/vanoides only from 
Morris’s translation (Synop. Lepidop. N. Am. 1862, p. 107). Judging 
from this I should be much inclined to doubt that Sy/vanotdes Bdy. and 
the earlier Co/umbia of Scudder are the same species. Had Boisduval 
himself had such specimens as those now under discussion, he would 
probably not have regarded them as specifically different from Comma, 
but if he had done so, he would certainly have likened them, not to 
Sylvanus, which they resemble very slightly, but to* Comma. Not one 
feature in the description of the male butterfly can be applied to Scudder’s 
species. 

The result of my comparisons may be thus summed up, namely: ¢/at 
among the examples of Scudder’s four species transmitted to me, not one 


* 


i. e. Sylvanoides Sc., but not of Bois. The latter = Soova Sc.—W. H., E. 


146 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





is found which agrees perfectly with European Comma; and, on the 
other hand, that the existing differences appear to me of too little tmport- 
ance, and above all not sufficiently constant to make it possible on the 
strength of these to declare the American forms specifically different from 
Comma. Comma is in a high degree under the influence of various 
external life-conditions, and, as both the American and the Asiatic forms 
prove, a species varying in different directions. Wether any one of these 
local forms has already sufficiently established itself to be able to rank as 
a distinct species, others, who are equipped with more abundant materials, 
will be able to decide with more certainty than myself. 


2. The insect No. 37, sent to me as Amblyscirtes Zrbya Scud., does 
not belong to Amblyscirtes, and in general not to the group Pamphiline, 
but to Pyrgine. (On this point you will please compare my paper in the 
Stettin Entomol. Zeitung for 1879, p. 484). It appears te me that it 
would be best to include it in the genus Pholisora. 


3. No. 38 (labeled Pholisora Vessus Edw. = Spilothyrus notadzlis 
Strecker) certainly stands most nearly related to the European species of 
Spilothyrus Dup. (whose older name, Carcharodus, Mr. Edwards will 
doubtless reject on principle as one of Hiibner’s), but it deviates from 
these in a few very essential points. The club of the antennz is not oval, 
but much more slender than in the former, quite crescent-shaped as in 
Nisoniades ; the outline of the wings is another point; the primaries are 
slightly rounded on the inner margin, somewhat incurved at cellule 16, and 
projecting bluntly with their posterior angle, which has long indentations, 
none of which is the case in Spilothyrus. ‘The sharply indented second- 
aries are distinctly incurved between nervules 4 and 6. The covering of 
the body is close and smooth, not so hairy as in Spilothyrus, etc. If 
several similar species should be discovered, these differences would 
justify the erection of a separate genus ; until then /Vessws may stand with 
Spilothyrus. The male will probably be furnished with a costal fold. 


As Spilothyrus differs from Pyrgus in nothing but the small transparent 
spots on the wings and the strongly indented secondaries, I have not 
separated the seven European species generically from Pyrgus (compare 
Stettin Entomol. Zeitung, 1878, pp. 179 and 188), but have only char- 
acterized them as its first group. Acquaintance with this American repre- 
sentative would incline me to concede their erection into a genus. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 147 





4. All the remaining species (Nos. 20-36)* properly belong to Pam- 
phila. Only Viator (20, 21) differs from the type of the genus somewhat 
in the outline of the wings ; the secondaries are broader and their border 
seems to be somewhat wavy. Also the last joint of the palpi is longer 
than usual. This species will necessarily stand at the beginning or at the 
end. As for the rest, I can pronounce no decision as to the most judicious 
order of succession of the species, as I possess no American Pamphilas, 
having handed my earlier collection over to Dr. Staudinger. 


NOTES ON DR. SPEYER’S PAPER. 
BY W. H. EDWARDS. 


1. Contrary to my expectation, the Asiatic forms of the Comma group 
are not so near the American as are the European. Dr. Speyer tells us that 
the former vary from typical Comma in a different direction from the 
latter. If the American are derived from the European, or the reverse, the 
Asiatic ought to lie between the two, apparently. 


2. I am satisfied that /wda should rank as a species. | Dr. Speyer 
gives sufficient reasons for this, and examination of many examples con- 
firm this view. I have a beautiful variety of /wéa (male) sent me by 
Prof. Snow, and taken by him at Los Vegas, N. M., in 1882. The upper 
side is darker—more fuscous and less fulvous—than any other example I 
have seen, and secondaries beneath and the apical area of primaries are 
densely dusted with golden-green ; the spots white and somewhat smaller 
than in the type. I call this var. Viridrs. 


3. As to Manitoba, Colorado and Nevada, Dr. Speyer points out that 
in these three forms the shape and arrangement of the spots on hind wings 
are not the same as in the typical Comma of Europe. — So far as I can 
discover, on examining a considerable series of each of these forms, from 
divers localities, the differences are constant. In the matter of the spotted 
fringes spoken of, Dr. Speyer says these are a/ways found in Comma. In 
the American forms they are sometimes present, but do not appear in all 





* Viator, Byssus, Pittacus, Deva, Ocola, Eufala, Panoguin, Fusca, Nerea, Phylace, 


148 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ; 








the forms of which examples are under view ; and where they do appear 
seem rather to be exceptional, the rule being against the spots ; thus, 


Of Colorado, 1 male, 1 female have spotted fringes, 3 males, 5 females, not. 


x 


u Mevada, none " " i ~~ GYE 4) ee " 
1 Manitoba, 2 females " " " 5 " " 
1» Columbia, none " " RERREN CPomUciiiesy it " " 
" Idaho, ul " " " 3 " 3 " " 


This last, /7aho, I describe as follows: Upper side of both sexes like 
the palest, or most yellow-fulvous, examples of Co/orado. Under side 
yellow, or gray-yellow (Colorado is described by Mr. Scudder as from 
olivaceous to griseous-green) ; the spots white, and as in Colorado. ‘This 
form comes from Oregon, Washington Terr. and California. I consider 
that it may properly be called a variety of Colorado. 


The occasional presence of the fringe spots in the American forms 
of this group may be sufficiently accounted for on the theory that the 
European, Asiatic and American forms are of co-ordinate value, and 
inherited these spots from their common ancestor. In the American they 
have disappeared, but occasionally the character is recovered by reversion. 
Mr. Scudder’s types are distinct enough, in case of J/anztoba, Colorado 
and Nevada, and I think we shall have to consider them as so many 
species. As they are not varieties of Comma they can stand alone. Dr. 
Speyer notices that in all these forms the two sexes seem to differ much 
more strongly than in Comma, ‘which shows scarcely any recognizable 
difference between the sexes, except that in the female the spots are usually 
larger than in the male.” Certainly that is a strong point also ; and I find 
the differences spoken of to be constant. 

4. As to Columbia, etc., later called by the same author Sy/vanozdes 
Bd. (It was, however, Sovova Sc. which Boisduval had named Sy/vanoides.) 


Of this form, I have 7 males, 1 female, and one male and the female 
bear Mr. Scudder’s own label, and this female was the one submitted to 
Dr. Speyer. Mr. Scudder points out two characters by which Columbia 
may be identified. 1. The patch of brown on lower side the stigma in 
male. 2. A quadrate transparent spot in the lower median interspace of 
fore wing of female, and a partially transparent triangular patch next 
above this. And adds: “ ‘These are not given with sufficient distinctness 
on the plate.” On the plate is a white space in each of these patches, 
which so far represents the transparency, I suppose. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 149 


As to the first character, the brown patch behind the stigma ; it is 
present in my type male, but in the other males it is wanting; in 3 there 
is a slight duskiness behind the stigma ; in 3 there is nothing even of this. 
Yet on the under side these males all agree with the type in color and in 
the peculiarities of the band of spots on secondaries. 

2nd. ‘The female has nothing whatever of the transparency mentioned. 
These two patches or spots are precisely like the two above them and 
against the cell, so far as color is concerned, all being simply fulvous. 
Mr. Scudder continues : “ Beneath, a silvery white (male) or pale: (female) 
slender belt of small quadrate spots, similar to that of P. Comma, bent at 
a little less than a right angle, the portion at right angle to the inner bor- 
der straight and continuous, the other portion sometimes broken, some- 
times continuous and straight. This species has only been taken, and 
rarely, in California.” My type male was from Vancouver’s Island, the 
female from California. ‘The other males are from Wash. Terr., Brit. Col. 
Arizona. 

It is of the female mentioned that Dr. Speyer says it “entirely 
resembles an average small Comma female, with this difference, that the 
Sringes are unspotted, and that the spot in cellule 7 is wanting.” But as 
Mr. Scudder’s figure shows the spot, this difference Dr. Speyer regards as 
accidental, and continues: ‘If I had taken this specimen here, I would 
have regarded it as without doubt an unimportant variety of Comma. 
Even the differences of the male do not appear to me of sufficient im- 
portance to regard this Sy/vanotdes (Columbia) as anything more than a 
local form of Comma.” 

Dr. Speyer sent me a typical male and female Comma. Of the male, 
the color of under side of hind wings and apex of fore wings is greenish- 
yellow. Every one of my Columbia males and the female (which Dr. 
Speyer notices) lacks the spot in cellule 7, which is present in both these 
Comma. ‘his spot is present in Mr. Scudder’s figure of the female (fig. 
22), but not of the male (fig. 23), and I apprehend that it is in the female 
figure by a mistake on the part of the lithographic artist, and was over- 
looked by Mr. Scudder. None of my males are of the color of Comma 
on under side, all being brown, not green, and on all, the spots at the 
angle of the band are suddenly reduced, and are small; whereas in the 
Comma they are large. The band in each of these forms has a distinct 
character of its own. The under side of the female Co/umdca is nearer 
to the female Comma, but more yellow, less green ; the spots are conflu- 


150 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ent, as in the male, and not separated, as in the Comma, the spots are 
clear and silvery white, not yellowish, as in the Comma. As before said, 
the spot in cellule 7 is wanting, and there are no fringe spots to either sex. 
Examining the other American forms as to the presence or absence of the 
spot in cellule 7, I find that in /wéa all examples have it ; in Co/orado, 
Manitoba, Nevada and Jdaho, most do not have it, but some of each sex 
in each form do. _ It is often reduced to a mere point which is confluent 
with the spot in cellule 6. It scarcely does more in this case than cross 
the nervule, and does not merit being called a spot. 

Considering the lack of this spot in Codwmbia, the peculiar shape of 
the band of spots, the color of under surface, and the unspotted fringe, 
and the differences in color and marking between the sexes, I must regard 
this as a distinct species from Comma, as in fact, at a considerable dis- 
tance from Comma, and it has differences from the other American forms 
to entitle it to stand alone. — Its peculiarities are important, and, so far as 
appears, permanent. 

5. Besides the three forms of P. Co/orado is another as distinct as any 
of them, which comes from California and Nevada. I have 2 males and 
2 females taken by Mr. Baron in north California, and 3 females by Mr. 
Morrison in Nevada. Same size and shape as Colorado, bright yellow- 
fulvous on upper side, the sub-apical spots of primaries placed as in the 
allied forms, but not so distinct, not well defined. On the under side, the 
color is grayish-yellow ; the spots of both wings scarcely lighter than the 
ground (not white, therefore, or even light) ; the band on secondaries 
slight, and often macular ; in one of the Nevada examples it is altogether 
wanting, except for a dot near outer angle. ‘This form cannot be ranked 
with any of Mr. Scudder’s, and is apparently constant. I call it species 
Oregonia. 

7. Dr. Boisduval described a species as Rurico/a, which has hitherto 
been unrecognized by American collectors, so far as 1am aware. He 
says: ‘Size of Zineola, the wings a little more sinuous, almost 
the same yellow, with a narrow brown border; the fore wings 
having the stigma as pronounced as in  Sy/vanus, marked length- 
wise by-a fine whitish line. Under side of the wings yellow, 
with all the surface of secondaries and the apical area of primaries 
a little more green than in Sy/vanus. Described after the male 
only. Ann. Soc. Ent. de Fr., 2 Ser. x. 316, 1852. I have found among 
Mr. Baron’s collections a single male of this species, agreeing in all respects 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 151 








with Dr. Boisduval’s description. ‘The spots of secondaries are pale yel- 
low, very large, making a confluent band. I should place Ovegonéa 
between this species and the Comma group. 

I tabulate these species as follows: 1. RURICOLA; 2. ORE- 
GONIA; 3. COLUMBIA; 4. COLORADO; 5. COLORADO var. IDAHO; 6. 
NEvapa ; 7. Manirosa ; 8. JUBA; 9. JUBA var. VIRIDIS. 

There is a recent description of what is called PAMPHILA CALIFORNICA 
n. sp. Mabille, Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de Belg. v. 27, p. 68, taken from one 
male only, and which lacks definiteness. I can find nothing to which it 
applies. Of the under side, it reads: “the secondaries are ochraceous, 
and one or two points of a pale yellow color can with difficulty be dis- 
tinguished among the nervules.” So that it cannot be one of this grotip we 
have been considering. 


NOTES ON THRIPIDA:, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW 
SPECIES.* 


BY HERBERT OSBORN, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, AMES, IOWA. 


The family Thripide, though possessing many characters of peculiar 
interest, and being of no little importance economically, has received but 
very little attention from American Entomologists, either systematic or 
economic. With the exception of a few notes upon their habits, and 
descriptions of some four or five species by Dr. Fitch, and also a few 
notes by Mr. Walsh and Prof. Riley, concerning their food habits, scarcely 
anything has been written of our native species. 

Without going into a discussion of the classification of the group, or 
the peculiar characters which seem to ally it to different orders, it will be 
sufficient here to state that the wings are entirely membranous and folded 
flat upon the back, which, with the general conformation of the body, 
would seem to place it with the Homopterous division of the Hemiptera. 
The mouth parts, however, are free, composed of both mandibles and 
maxillz, and the maxilla and labium are palpigerous—characters very 





* Read before the Iowa Academy of Sciences, Sept. 5, 1882. Since this paper 
was read, Mr. Theo. Pergande, of Washington, has kindly examined my specimens 
and corrected some errors which had crept in, on account of my scanty literature on the 
subject and lack of types. 


152 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


diverse from those of the group just mentioned. These differences have 
led some authors to separate the group into a distinct order, the 7hysan- 
optera, while others have considered them an aberrant family of Hemip- 
tera, others of Orthoptera, and still others of Psewdo-Neuroptera. 

The most obvious characters are the minute size, the species nearly all 
ranging between one and two millimetres in length, and being very slen- 
der ; the long narrow wings with broad fringes, folded flat on the back ; 
the 2-jointed tarsi without ungues and terminating in a vesicle, and the 
beak-lke mouth parts pointing backward, but composed of free mandibles 
and maxillz, the mandibles being styliform. 

The European species have been carefully worked by Mr. Haliday, to 
whom we are also indebted for the only systematic arrangement of the 
genera. His synopsis enumerates over forty species, and doubtless our 
American species are quite as numerous, for without there having been 
any apparent effort to collect them, a fair beginning has been made upon 
this number. 

Dr. Fitch described four species in his reports on N. Y. Insects, and I 
understand that his notes contain MS. descriptions of two other species. 
The former are P/Alwothrips mali, P. carya, Thrips tritici and Coleothrips 
trifasciata. Prof. Riley mentions a species (6th Rept. Mo. Insects, p. 
50) as Thrips phylloxera of his MSS. Dr. Packard has’ described a 
species infesting onions (New and Inj. Ins. Little Known, 1870), and 
Prof. Comstock Limothrips poaphagus infesting heads of grass. Other 
descriptions may have been published of which I am not at present 
aware, and I have collected three species in this State which seem to be 
undescribed, beside two species which are known. 

The Zhripide frequent the blossoms of various plants, but their 
presence has been variously interpreted by different authors. In West- 
they are spoken of as feeding upon the plant 


” 


wood’s ‘“ Classification 
tissues, and numerous instances are cited of their injuries to vegetation. 
Dr. Fitch found his Ph/ethrips mali gouging into young apples, and 
his P. carve in galls on hickory leaves, but doubted their agency in form- 
ing the galls. On wheat he states that 7° ¢77¢cc7 injures both blossoms 
and the growing kernels of wheat. Mr. Walsh held the opinion that 
Thrips are carnivorous and very beneficial in their attacks upon plant lice 
and other insects, and argues that they are found in blossoms and on other 
parts of plants simply in search of their prey. Prof. Riley describes the 
habits of his Zhrips phylloxere as attacking the Grape Phylloxera. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 153 


If these observers have been correct in interpreting what they saw, we 
must admit that different species of the group possess different food habits, 
a point which should be admitted only on the strictest testimony, for while 
instances do occur where certain species in a distinct group differ in habits 
a fact more fully appreciated 
when we consider the intimate relations between structure, whereby groups 





from the others, it is of rare occurrence 


are defined, and habit, these having naturally a mutual correspondence, 
whether we consider the habit necessitated by the structure or the struc- 
ture a result of progenitary habit. 

So far as the anatomy is concerned, it seems to me much in favor of a 
vegetable diet. Carnivorous insects as a rule are furnished with strong 
mouth parts, and are able to thrust them forward from the head, even if 
their normal position is otherwise. In 7Z%ripide the mandibles are 
slender, styliform, and apparently weak and poorly adapted to the capture 
of prey, and the mouth parts pass backward under the prothorax. Owing 
to the minuteness of the insects positive observations upon their methods 
of feeding are difficult. I have watched them with a lens, and noticed 
that they thrust the mouth parts down upon the surface of a petal or other 
portion of the blossom, much as a fly does in sucking up sweets, but have 
never been able to see them actually puncture the tissue. I have noticed 
them in apple blossoms, however, where the petals were unopened and no 
other insects were present, and in these blossoms 80 per cent. were injured 
by punctures upon the styles and other parts, but particularly the styles, 
and all the evidence pointed to the Thrips as the cause of injury. Should 
the observations of other entomologists prove this to be a general habit, it 
has great economic importance, and shows that insects may have a far 
different influence than ass/sting in fertilization of plants, which we have 
come to consider as one of their benefactions, for whereas much has been 
written concerning the fertilization of plants by insects, comparatively 
little has been written upon the prevention of fertilization which they may 
cause. 

Although I have observed Thrips in many situations beside the blos- 
soms of apple, cherry and plum, as well as in blossoms of catalpa, aspar- 
agus, clover, potato, timothy grass, and a number of ornamental plants, I 
have never found evidence of their attacking insects. At one time I found 
a single individual near a colony of Aphis maidis, but nothing to indicate 
that it was attacking the lice. 

The observations of Walsh and Riley must certainly be considered 


154 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





conclusive for the species they noticed, but I cannot think they will hold 
for the group, but rather that they are departures from a normal habit, the 
Thrips in those cases finding the soft-bodied, sluggish plant lice preferable 
to the plant tissues lying beneath them,—the habits of the plant lice mak- 
ing it less necessary for the predaceous insect to be specially adapted to 
seizing and retaining them. Indeed, may it not be that they seek rather 
-the juicy exudation from the bodies of these insects than to destroy them ? 


PHLC2OTHRIPS NIGRA, N. Sp. 


Length 1.75-1.80 m.m. Width .37 m.m. 

Black, distal portion of anterior tibiz, proximal joint of all tarsi and 
joints 3 with base of 4, sometimes 3-5, of antennze, yellowish. Head 
from above quadrangular, longer than broad, front convex with lateral 
angles obtusely rounded. Antenne sub-approximate, third joint yellowish 
and the two following ones more or less pale, especially at base ; joints 
nearly equal, 8th short and small, sparsely set with. hairs. Prothorax 
short, broad, lateral borders converging toward the head ; meso and meta- 
thorax together as long as broad, converging slightly toward the abdomen ; 
abdomen tapering, caudal segments sparsely fringed with hairs; tube 
fringed at end. Anterior legs larger than the others, with tibiz and tarsi 
yellowish, set with a few very minute hairs ; posterior tibize- with spines at 
the distal extremity. 

Wings without veins, perfectly membranous, no minute hairs on the 
surfaces ; anterior pair with a row of three spines near the costal border 
at the base ; fringe at base wanting; very long on both borders and at 
apical portion of posterior border composed of two rows, the additional 
one of finer ciliz. 

Differs but slightly from P. madi Fitch, that species being purple-black, 
joint three of antennze white and the tibize and tarsi not yellow. Possibly 
this may prove only a variable form. Collected from heads of red clover. 
Ames, Iowa. 

CHIROTHRIPS ANTENNATUS, 0. Sp. 

_Length 1.10 mm. Width .25 m.m. 

Black, except joint 3 of antennee, which is paler. 

Head small, narrowed in front, and here entirely occupied by the 
bases of the large peculiar 8-jointed antennz, the basal joints of which 
are very broad, short and inserted in large concavities of the front ; joint 
2 is large, irregularly trapezoidal, with the acute angle outward ; joints 3 


a ee ee | 


~~ - 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 155 


and 4 irregular, ovate, with an elongated papilla extending from the outer 
anterior portion ; joints 5 and 6 slightly smaller, 7 and 8 minute ; in some 
cases traces of a ninth joint can be seen; joints 5-8 are more hairy than 
the others ; 3-6 dilated ; ocelli placed far back on the vertex ; prothorax 
converging rapidly to the anterior border, where it is equal in width to the 
occiput, broader at posterior border than long ; a few spines at posterior 
angles. In front of mesothorax, forming a girdle, is a narrow thickened 
portion, which at the sides, with an amplification of 150 diameters, is seen 
to be thickly set with very short pointed spurs ; mesothorax short and 
broad ; metathorax slightly narrower; legs nearly equal, anterior ones a 
little more robust and with few scattered hairs, intermediate and posterior 
ones more hairy and with tibie on distal portion, and the tarsi, spiny. 
Wings slender, sword-shaped, anterior pair smoky, with two longitudinal 
veins, costal fringe not more than half as long as inner, beginning near 
the base with strong spines, a few spines situated on the veins ; posterior 
wings hyaline, a thickened line (vein ?) along the middle. Both wings 
with minute short hairs scattered over the membrane; abdomen tapers 
suddenly after seventh segment, a few hairs on anterior segments, becom- 
ing longer and more numerous caudad. 

Collected at Manchester, Delaware Co., Iowa, where it was very abun- 
dant in heads of timothy grass. July roth, 12th, 1882. 


THRIPS STRIATA, N. sp. 


Female. Length 1.15 m.m. Width .25 m.m. Whitish with yellow 
and blackish markings. 

Head rounded in front, appears marked with transverse striz and dusky 
border posteriorly; antennz approximate, whitish at base, gradually 
becoming more dusky toward the apex, where they are nearly black. Eyes 
large ; ocelli near together and well up on vertex. Thorax with elongated 
dusky patches forming a broken subdorsal stripe each side ; on the pro- 
thorax these extend latero-cephalad and are broken into spots ; abdominal 
segments 1-6 are dusky on tergum, except at the sides, seventh has dusky 
spot in centre, apex slightly dusky and surrounded with black spines ; 
thorax and abdomen tinged with yellow at the sides. Hairs scarce and 
fine, except at end of abdomen. Legs concolorous with body, with dusky 
patches on dorsal aspect of femora and tibiz, sparsely set with fine hairs. 
Wings unmarked, fringe and spines wanting at base of costal border, no 
discal spines ; both wings covered with very minute hairs, 


156 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





I do not know what is the food plant of this species, the only speci- 
men I have being caught on the leaf of a book I was reading in the Zoo- 
logical Laboratory (fourth floor of building). It probably flew in at an 
open window. Taken Aug. 11, 1882. 


Turies TRiTIcI Fitch. Trans. N. Y. Ag. Soc. for 1855, page 540. 


Male, length .75-.80 m.m.; width .zom.m. Female, length 1.10-1.20 
m.m.; width .25 m.m. 


Color yellow, thorax tinted with orange; antenne with dusky annu- 
lations. 


Head from above nearly square, eyes occupying anterior angles. 
Antennz approximate at base, joint 2, apical half of 4, and 6, dusky ; 
joints 3 and 5 dusky at apex, the antenne appearing annulated under low 
power of microscope. Head, thorax and abdomen with few stiff hairs. 
Legs concolorous with body, all the tibiae with two spines at distal end, 
distal joint of tarsi a little dusky, proximal joint of hind tarsi with two 
spines. Wings narrow, hyaline, fringes whitish ; anterior wings have costal 
fringe of shorter cilia than posterior ones, and the cilia are intermixed 
with shorter, stiffer, spiny hairs, which at base replace the fringe ; two rows 
of blackish spines on upper surface of wing corresponding to subcostal 
and median veins. Posterior wings with no discal spines ; ciliz of 
anterior edge shorter and more spiny than those of posterior. Both wings 
have numerous rows of. very minute hairs on the surface. ‘The males are 
shorter and smaller than females, with wings reaching beyond the tip of the 
abdomen instead of nearly to it, and there are some strong spines near the 
tip of the abdomen. 


This species is the one most abundant in this locality, and the one 
upon which most of my observations have been made. Dr. Fitch speaks 
of the antenne as widely separated at base, and his figure (a very poor 
one) makes them particularly so, which led me to think I had a distinct 
species ; but Mr. Pergande has kindly compared my specimens with the 
type and pronounces them identical. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Lo 


HACKBERRY PSYLEID GALLS. 
RY PROF. ¢. V. RILEY. 


In reply to the questions raised by the Rev. Thomas W. Fyles on p. 84 
of the May number, permit me to say : 

1. That to speak of ‘THE parasite of PAyMoxera vastatrix and THE 
gall insect of the nettle tree,” as he does in the heading to his communi- 
cation, is inaccurate, since there are many of each. 

2. Besides a number of Cecidomyid galls on Celtis, | am acquainted 
with more than a dozen Psyllid galls upon the plant.  Vhe insects pro- 
ducing these galls mostly 
belong to a new genus 
which, in a paper that | have 
prepared on the Psyllidz 
of the U.S., is called Pachy- 
psylla. It belongs near 
Diaphorina Loew and Ca/- 
ophya Loew, and is char- 
acterized by the — short, 
stout antenne, short. ob- 
tuse frontal cones, convex 
back, vertical rugoso-punc- 
tate head and pronotum, 
and by the wings being 
parchment-like, twice as 
long as wide, and having 
the marginal cells very long 
and sub-equal. Only two 
of these have been referred 
to by name in print (not 





properly described) so as 


GALL OF PACHYPSYLLA C-VENUSTA.—a, gall fully formed 5 
4, do., forming ; ¢, do., in section. (After Riley.) 


to be recognizable, chiefly 
through their galls, viz. : 
Psylla venusta O. S. (Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 1861, p. 422) and P. celtidis- 
mamma Riley (Johnson’s Un. Cyclopedia, 1876, article Gall-insects), 2’. 
celtidis-grandis Riley of the same article being synonymous with vevusta. 
The first-mentioned is a very large insect producing a large swelling of the 


158 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


petiole, or of the base of the leaf, open on one side and so well described 
by Osten Sacken, in the article above cited, that Dr. Hagen should have 
seen that it could not apply to Mr. Fyles’s description of his gall (p. 198, 
vol. xiv) which applies very well to camma, though one-half inch is. 
rather more than its average 
length. ‘That said description 
fr ioes not apply to venusta, 
there can be, however, no 
doubt whatever. From a 
single specimen of the insect 
sent me by Mr. Fyles, my de- 
termination was confirmed. 
P. c-mamma so closely re- 
sembles another species (P. 
c-cucurbita M.S. mihi), how- 
ever, that without the galls it 
would be difficult, if not im- 





possible, to separate them—a 
not uncommon occurrence 
among gall-making species. 
It was because of this fact 
that I expressed, in a letter to 
Mr. Fyles (Heb. 24th)ieea 
GALL OF PACHYPSYLLA C-MAMMA.—4. leaf with galls from qualified opinion, urging him 


under side; 4, section of gall showing cup-like depression. and to send specimens of the 
insect in cavity; c, pupa—é, c, enlarged. (After Riley.) oF , ; 





Fig. 7. 


galls, which he failed to do. 
His description of said gall can apply only to c-amma, which is, more- 
over, the most common of the many galls upon the leaf; and, like all the 
other species on the leaf, is closed and not open as in c-venusta. The 
accompanying figures, which I have had on hand for many years, will at 
once show the difference between the galls celt¢d/s-venusta and celtidts- 
MAMMA. 

In reference to the genitive of Celtis, the best botanical works cite the 
term as of Greek origin—Grveca obscura, as Linneus puts it. Hence the 
genitive ce/tidos which, Latinized, becomes ce/tedis. See also Celtidee 
Endlicher ; ce/tédifolium DeCandolle. [am not surprised at Mr. Fyles’s 
question, however, as some fifteen years since I was inclined to use the 
genitive ce/t?s, which would, also. be justifiable. Prof. G. 1. Goodale has 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 159 


been kind enough to send me, through Dr. Hagen, the following from 
Wittstein: “Celtis L. Celtis nach Plinius (eine der Lotus arten) von 
Greek ‘“ Ae//ein” (antreiben), Greek “ Keltis” (Peitsche). Die zweige 
dienen zu Peitschen stielen.” The reference to my ‘“infallibility ” is 
beside the question. 





GENERAL INDEX OF THE. THIRTEEN ANNUAL REPORTS 
OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


This useful work, covering the period from 1870 to 1882 inclusive, has 
recently been issued. The compiler, E. Baynes Reed, Esq., Secretary- 
‘Treasurer of the Society, has spared no pains or labor in making the 
index complete in every.particular. It is uniform in size with the Reports, 
and covers 35 pages. Beginning with a summary of the illustrations used 
and of the orders illustrated, there follows a detailed list of all the figures 
used in each of the thirteen Reports. The second part consists of a classi- 
fied list of the insects illustrated, while the third part is a general index 
which is very full and complete, and will be of much value to all who may 
have occasion to consult its pages. A copy will be mailed to each mem- 
ber of the Society. 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The Annual Meeting will be held at the rooms of the Society, Victoria 
Hall, Clarence St., London, on the evening of Wednesday, October 3rd, 
at § o'clock. It is hoped that a large number of members will be present. 
Any one having papers to present will please communicate with the Secre- 


tary, who will arrange for the reading of communications sent by absent 
members. 





CORRESPONDENCE. 





TRYPETA CERASI, L. 

A black cherry tree imported from Gilgenau, Eastern Prussia, in 1873, 
had first fruit in 1881. I did not find larve in the cherries in the last two 
years. In 1883 the fruit was smaller than usual, perhaps because they 
were very abundant ; larvae and pupae are very common in the fruit. I 
do not find this species in Loew’s Monograph, nor in O. Sacken’s Cata- 


160 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 


logue. In Loew’s 7rypetine (in fol.) p. 45, it 1s RAagoletis cerasi; in 
Schiner, Herina frondescentia, \.. 

The larva and pupa are not different from those of Z7ypeta (Spilo- 
grapha) cerast, received by Prof. Rosenhauer from Europe. Of course 
this can not be an evidence in a family, where all larvae and pupae are so 
similar one to the other. I will try to raise them, but as Rosen. states 
in his Monograph that the imago appears eleven months later, we have to — 
wait till June, 1884, for the fly. Nevertheless I like to draw attention to 
the fact. Loew states that the larva lives in cherries, in Lomicera xylos- 
teum and other Lonicere, and in Berber’s vulgaris, after Frauenteld. 
Rosenhauer found it in Lowicera tartarica, and this shrub is also present 
in my garden for 13 years, always much eaten by a Tenthrid larva, but 
not as far as I know, by a Z7yfeta. I do not find mentioned any larva in 
the fruit of the cherry in the American literature. 

Cambridge, Mass., July 29, 1883. Dr. H. A: HAGEN: 


Dear Sir: enclose some beetles sent me from a house at Cold 
Spring, on the Hudson River, New York. ~ [I am unable to answer the 
question put to me as to what they are. My friend says: ‘The house 
here is full of them; we kill them by thousands with insect powder. They 
are found behind the paper on engravings and everywhere, thousands 
being under the carpets, but the carpets are not cut.” My only excuse 
for troubling you is asa subscriber of some years to your excellent ENrTo- 
MOLOGIST. G. H. Van WAGENEN. 

Rye, Westchester Co., New York. 

[The insects have been submitted to Dr. G. H. Horn, of Philadelphia, 
for determtnation, who says they are specimens of Gadleruca xantho- 
melaene.—En. C. E.] 


PLANOSA LARICIS. 


Last season I found four cocoons of this interesting species on the 
white pine, and this season twelve more were found. ‘The females agree 
well in color with that figured by Dr. Fitch, but the males are much darker, 
Some of them are wholly black, except a few long, white hairs on the sides 
of the thorax. Iam not aware that this species has been found on pine 
before. RoBERT BUNKER. 


(Printed Sept, rst, 1883.) 


: 


; 


Che Carnadtan Entomolonist.. 











VOL. XV. aa ONT. 4 SEPTEMBER, 1883. No. 9 











THE TOWN AND THE FIELD—WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF 
THE COCOONS OF PARASITES. 


BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, WALL STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 


Here I am again imprisoned within the walls of the town, after enjoy- 
ing all the liberty of the field. How unphilosophical and dissatisfying to 
a devotee at the shrine of Nature are the labors that attach to a locality 
like this! One must turn over a new leaf occasionally. To balance the 
ledger, even though it have golden results, is comparably but as the dust 
of the balance. The City is stupid, hot, and odoriferous—empty, and yet 
full. Wealth, with its polished exterior, has long since departed. and 
“poverty, a wrinkle of itself,” remains. The intensity of the heat brings 
the hidden life without, and the town is seemingly the more full. What a 
wretched place in midsummer is a great City! Ho! for the country, where 


_ the God of Day is awaked by 


“* The breezy call of incense breathing morn, 


* = * * 
The cock’s shrill clarion and the echoing horn.” 
And when he sinks to rest behind the everlasting hills, mark 


= “* How still the evening is, 


As hushed on purpose to grace harmony.” 

While from every thicket, from tree top, and from meadow—Nature’s 
most glorious cathedral—comes forth the vesper sacrifice of song. The 
trees, like columns, reach up to the heavens, and canopied over all, the 
gorgeous beauty of a passing summer day. These are some of the 
inspirations that overtake a fellow who is ready to pack up and start. 

Meanwhile, as a pleasing abstraction from my surroundings, I write 
for your journal a brief account of the cocoons of parasites. Much has 
been written concerning the transformation and habits of the parasitic 
Hymenoptera. Supposing it may be of interest, I give a few notes 
relating to the cocoons, and such other methods as these parasites adopt 
for a covering while in the pupa condition. The circumstance that a por- 
tion of my labor during the past season did not result as expected—many 





162 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





of the caterpillars which I had fed up from the third and last moults 
developing into these parasites—gave me the opportunity of examining 
the mechanical skill of these insects and of noting some peculiarities of 
habit. From the cocoon of 7: Polyphemus I have obtained O. Macru- 
vum Linn. This parasite forms a very tough oval-shaped cocoon, occu- 
pying the larger portion of the cocoon of the moth. It is composed of 
very fine silk agglutinated by a dark secretion. ‘The exterior is of a dark 
brown color, with a faint yellowish or golden band around the centre ; the 
interior is lined with a thin transparent substance, possessing a brilliant 
metallic polish. Distinguished Entomologists have asserted that this 
parasite commonly deposits from eight to ten eggs on the Polyphemus 
caterpillar. I cannot reconcile this statement with the observations that I 
have made. Out of three cocoons of the /o/yphemus caterpillar, I have 
in each case obtained but one of the parasite ; indeed there is not suffi- 
cient space within the cocoon of the moth for more than two cocoons of 
the parasite. It is possible that some of the parasitic larvee may escape 
from the cocoon of the moth, and undergo transformation without, yet in 
such cases as came under my observation no such evidence existed. From 
the chrysalid of P. Zro:dus I have obtained 7: Exesorius Brullé, which 


transforms without other covering to serve as a cocoon beyond that sup- | 


plied by the chrysalid. I note that the point of exit-of this parasite from 
the chrysalid was the same in every case, viz., on the nght or left side, 
about midway of the thorax, at the widest part. From a cocoon of P. 
Cecropia I am furnished with eight cocoons of &. #/avator Fabr. They 
are three quarters of an inch long, and very narrow. ‘The outer covering 
is of loose silk ; within it is rendered more dense, the threads being drawn 
together by a gummy secretion. They are grouped, side by side, length- 
‘wise within the cocoon of the moth. I would state in this connection that 
one of my Cecropia cocoons contained a number of parasitic larve, 
apparently half fed, starved out, dry and hard. I make this note in view 
of the remarkable instinct that governs this family in commonly providing 
the necessary food for its progeny. The insufficiency in this case is pos- 
sibly accounted for in that the caterpillar may not have been full fed at the 
time of spinning its cocoon, and that the parasite, with an instinct as to 
quality, but not quantity of food, and following the habit of many gen- 
erations, makes a deposit of ova in correspondence with the ordinary size 
or common growth of the caterpillar. The pupa of P. Achemon gives me 
twelve cocoons of Fert/ampus, they are of a dark brown color, about a 


» 
ves” 


— eo a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 163. 





quarter of an inch long, oval in shape, and were found in the earth close 
by the nearly consumed pupa of the Sphinx. From a cocoon of S. Vir- 
ginica I have obtained those of a parasite, probably a Chadcis, the insects 
having escaped through an aperture in the jar in which I had placed the 
cocoons. They are about a quarter of an inch long, of a bright red color, 
and are attached to the outer surface of the cocoon of the moth. Judging 
from what has transpired among my collection of larvee made at Oak Hill, 
New York, the past summer, I am led to believe that the parasitic visita- 
tion to that locality must have been numerous, promising to the agricul- 
turist rather than to the entomologist a better reward for the industry of 
the present season. 


A NEW CATOCALA. 


BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


CATOCALA SARA, Nl. Sp. 

Expanse 3.10 inches. A form in size and general appearance resem- 
bling C. Aspasia, Streck., but having much darker colored fore wings, 
besides other points of difference. Primaries blackish gray from the base 
to the t. a. line, along the posterior margin to the subterminal line, and 
from this in a broad band to the costa, the inner part of this band running 
along the inner side of the reniform. This color is formed of a black or 
brownish black ground, sprinkled with white scales. This leaves a pale 
space between the stigmata from the median vein to the costa, and the 
whole end of the wing beyond the dark space spoken of. T. a. line indis- 
tinct, of the ground color, but with less white scales ; t. p. line distinct 
anteriorly, one large and one small tooth opposite the reniform. Subter- 
minal space scarcely tinged with brown, the subterminal] line white with a 
sprinkling of black scales. Orbicular indistinct, black with a few white. 
scales, reniform with a few white scales and an annulus of gray. Terminal 
space gray. Secondaries rosy red, the median band very much as in the 
form Wadshii, not reaching the inner margin, a little constricted opposite 
the disc, beyond this a little enlarged, after which it narrows to less than 
half the costal width. Terminal line like Wa/shiz, with an internal exca- 
vation before the anal angle that reaches half through the band. In 
Aspasia this excavation extends almost or quite through the band. Ter 
minal fringe white, internal gray with a few blackish hairs at the base of 


164 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





the wing. On the under side, the basal and medial band of the primaries 
are connected by a broad posterior band of black. Described from two 
specimens from Jamestown, Colorado, one in my own cabinet and one in 
the cabinet of Herman Strecker, Reading, Pa., the latter being a little 
lighter than the one in my cabinet. 


LIST OF GEOMETRIDA TAKEN AT QUEBC AND MONTREAL. 


BY G. J. BOWLES, MONTREAL. 


In order to make the following list as complete as possible, I have 
included the species in the cabinets of Messrs. H. H. Lyman and F. B. 
Caulfield, of Montreal, with those in my own collection, taken at Quebec, 
and also those credited to Mr. Belanger, of Quebec, in Packard’s ‘‘ Mono- 
graph.” When a species is found bothat Quebec and Montreal, no locality 
is given; when found only at either place, Quebec is indicated by a 
“Q,” Montreal by an “ M.” The list comprises 115 species and 3 varie- 
ties. The names and arrangement are those of Packard’s ‘“‘ Monograph.” 





Eupithecia. Petrophora (Cidaria). 
albicapitata, Q. diversilineata. 
absynthiata. hersiliata, M. 
miserulata, M. Ochyria. 
Glaucopteryx. ferrugata. 
CRESTS: Q. also var. unutdentaria, black 
magnoliata. northern variety. 
Plemynia. designata. 
multiferata. Mine’ ; 
Epirrita. Rheumaptera (Melanippe, Wc.). 
cambricaria. ruficillata. 


perlineata, Q. 
dilutata, Q. 
Hydriomena. 
trifasciata, 
californiata, Q. 


Petrophora (Cidaria). 


truncata, Q. 
albolineata, Q. 


lacustrata, M. 
unangulata, Q. 
intermediata, M. 
lugubrata, Q. 
hastata, very common and 
variable. 
Anticlea. 
vasiliata. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Hydria. Thamnonoma. 
undulata. ‘subcessaria, Q. 
Phibalapteryx. brunnearia, Q. 


latirupta, Q. 
intestinata, M. 


Marmopteryx. 
strigularia, M. 


a) 


‘Tniphosa. Phasiane. 

- dubitata. mellistrigata, M. 

Lobophora. Semiothisa. 
montanata. granitata, M. 
viridata, M. bisignata, M. 
vernata. enotata, Q. 
geminata. (Some not identified.) 

Odezia. Corycia. 
albovittata. vestaliata. 

Heterophelps. semiclarata: 
triguttata, M. Eudeilinia. 

Zerene. herminiata, Q. 
catenaria, M. Deilinia. 

Haematopis. variolaria. 
grataria, M. [Is not this the erythemaria. 


Pellonia successaria of Walk., (Gueneria. 
described in Can. Nat. vol. 5, basiata, M. 


1860, page 262 ?] Stegania. 
Eufidonia. pustularia. 
notataria. Callizzia. 
Fidonia. amorata. 
truncataria, Q. Acidalia. 
Ematurga. rotundopennata, Q. 
Faxonii, Q. nivosata. 
Caripeta. enucleata, M. 
divisaria. insulsaria, Q. 
Lozogramma. Ephyra. 
disconventa. pendulinaria. 
detersata. Dyspteris. 
defluata. Common abortivaria, M. 
Eufitchia. Eucrostis. 


ribearia. (Common. 


chloroleucaria, M. 


166 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





Nemoria. 
subcroceata, Q. 
var. incertata, Q. 
gratata, Q. 
Aplodes. 


rubromarginaria, M. 


Anisopteryx. 
vernata. 
autumnata, M. 


Hybernia. 
tiliaria. 
Amphidasys. 
. cognataria. 
Biston. 
ursaria. 


Tephrosia. 
_ cognataria, Q. 
anticaria, Q. 
canadaria. 





Cleora. 
pulchraria. 


_ Hyperetis. 


nyssaria. 
Plagodis. 

phlogosania, M. 

Keutzingaria, Q. 

alcoolaria, M. 
Nematocampa. 

filamentaria. 
Angerona. 


crocataria, Common. 
-Sicya. 


macularia. 
Metrocampa. ° 

perlata. 
Therina. 

fervidaria, M. 

endropiaria, M. 

seminudaria, M. 


cribrataria, Q. Epirranthis. 
Cymataphora. obfirmaria, Q. 

crepuscularia. Endropia. 
pampinaria, Q. duaria, M. 
humaria. hypochraria. 
larvaria. marginata, Q. 
divisaria, Q.-Walker. List. armataria. 

ep, Het. Be Mus. XXL. bilinearia. 

489, 1860. [Not figured by effectaria, Q. 

Packard, but stated by him obtusaria. 

to be “apparently a valid serrataria, M. 

species,” and placed among  Azelina. 

his ‘* Desiderata.” Compared Hubnerata. 

by me with Walker's typein Eugomia. 

Coll. Ent. Soc. of Ontario, alniaria. 


and found to be identical. } subsignaria, Hub. M. 
Caberodes. 


confusaria. 


Hemerophila. 
unitaria, M. 


— 


a 


THE GANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. ~* 167 


Metanema. ~ Werraeis: 
carnaria. Coloradaria? Q. 
inatomaria. Eutrapela. 

Tetracis. transversata, M. 
lorata. Also, var. goniata, Q. 
crocallata. clematata. 


MONTREAL BRANCH OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The tenth annual meeting of this Branch was held at the residence of 
the President, H. H. Lyman, Esq., M. A., Montreal, on Tuesday, 8th 
May, 1883, at 8 o’clock, p. m. 

President read the following report of the operations of the Society 
for the year :— 

REPORT. 

Your Council beg to submit the tenth annual report of the Branch. 

Five regular meetings have been held during the year, and in addition 
to these, the members have had the pleasure of attending the annual 
meeting of the parent Society, which was held in the rooms of the Natural 
History Society, on the 24th August last, during the session of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. The opportunity 


of meeting with many of the entomologists of the United States, and the 


President and other officers of our Canadian Society, was highly appre- 
ciated by our members. 

The following original papers have contributed to the interest of our 
meetings during the year :— 

1. Description of a Dipterous Parasite on Phylloxera vastatrix, by 
the Rev. T. W. Fyles. 

2. Sir John Lubbock on Ants, by G. J. Bowles. 

3. Notes on the Genus Callimorpha, by H. H. Lyman. 

4. Preliminary list of the Geometridae of Quebec and Montreal, by 
G. J. Bowles. . 

5. Notes on some Diurnal Lepidoptera occurring in Canada, by F. 
B. Caulfield. 

6. Causes of Rarity in some Species of Insects, by G. J. Bowles. 

The whole respectfully submitted. 


H. H. Lyman, President. 


168 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





The report having been adopted, the election of officers took place, 
with the following result :— 

G. J. Bowles, President; W. Couper, Vice-President ; F. B. Caulfield, 
Secretary-Treasurer; J. G. Jack, H. H. Lyman, W. Shaw, H. Graves, 
Council. 

A very pleasant hour was then spent in examining the President’s col- 
lection of Lepidoptera, and the scarce and valuable illustrated entomo- 
logical works in his library. 


Gro. Jno. Bow.es, Secretary. 


ORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA, Smirtu. 


BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


The foliage of the trees in this city is undergoing spoliation by the. 
larve of this moth. Many of the trees are entirely denuded of their. 
leaves, particularly the Silver-leaf Poplar, the Ailanthus alone escaping 
attack. The writer suggested to the authorities last spring that hand- 
picking of such cocoons as contained the deposit of ova was the only sure 
way of exterminating these insects. Had such service been rendered the 
trees at that time, this damaging visitation would have been prevented. 
There is good reason to believe, however, that what the authorities have 
failed to do, a young army of parasites, ‘‘ Pimpla,” which have put in an 
appearance during the last fortnight, are now actively. attempting, and we 
shall probably be rid of this moth another year. The ova commenced to 
hatch out about the 25th of May, and the larve began to assume the pupa 
form about the 21st of June ; ten days thereafter the imago was discovered 
depositing ova. Out of twelve cocoons gathered on the 15th of July, four 
yielded the parasite already referred to. I would note here in connection 
with this parasite a circumstance very commonly observed among the 
Lepidoptera. I discovered two 7% parasites upon a cocoon containing the 
pupa of this moth. I drove them away several times, but they as fre- 
quently returned. I finally captured them, and placed them together with 
the cocoon in my collecting bottle. Before I had returned to my residence 
a 2 Pimpla had emerged from the cocoon and was busily employed in 
expanding her wings. I also noticed that this parasite deposits its ova 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 169 











through the cocoon on to the pupa, and that in every case that came under 
my observation the pupa selected was the 2, doubtless from the fact that 
its plump condition provides the necessary food for the development of the 
parasite, which the 2 pupa of the moth could not furnish. 





MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB OF THE 
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF SCIENCE. 


A meeting of entomologists was held, according to announcement, on 
the rsth of August, 1883, at Minneapolis, Minn., in the University 
Buildings. There were present during the meetings the following: Prof. 
S. A. Forbes, Normal, Illinois; Prof. C. V. Riley, Washington; D. S. 
Kellicott, Buffalo; Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa; O. S. Westcott, 
Chicago ; Wm. Saunders, London, Ontario; Dr. and Jenny Hoy, Racine, 
Wisconsin ; C. L. Herrick, E. W. Claypole, Prof. E. S$. Morse, C. E. 
Bessey, E. H. Canfield; Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood, Mo. ; Mrs. 
M. B. Moody, Buffalo, N. Y.; Thomas S. Roberts, Minneapolis, Minn., 
and others. 

S. A. Forbes read a letter from J. A. Lintner, regretting his inability 
to be present, and after some remarks by Mr. C. V. Riley as to the pre- 
vailing sentiment at the meeting of entomologists last year at Montreal, it 
was decided to reorganize the Entomological Club of the A. A. A.S., 
under the rules as hereinbefore recorded. 

On motion, the following officers for the ensuing year were then 


elected :— 
President, D. S. KELLICOTT. 


Vice-President, HERBERT OSBORN. 
Secretary, O. S. WEsTCOTT. 


A communication was read from Mr. W. H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, 
W. Va., giving interesting recent experience in the rearing of butterflies 
of the following species: Papilio rutulus, P. zolicaon, Colias barbara, 
C. amorphe, Melitaea chalcedon, M. phaeton, Lycena melissa, Parnas- 
sius smintheus? and Argynnis coronis? The author stated that he had 
bred rutulus and zolicaon from the egg, that rutu/us is constantly dis- 
tinguishable from f‘urnus, at least after the first larval stage ; and that 
zolicaon is closer to asterias than to machaon. He had also reared from 
the egg Co/ias amorphae, and was inclined to the opinion that it was 


170 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





distinct from C. ewrydice. Opportunities had been afforded of studying 
all stages of AZ. chalcedon, with MZ. phaeton colonizing on the same plant 
so that the habits of the two species could be compared. 

Mr. Edwards has also raised Lycaena melissa from egg to chrysalis, 
and finds that the larva in the last stages has similar organs to those of 
Pseudargiolus on the toth and 11th segments, and that ants are attracted 
in the same way by the sweet fluid they exude. Over 100 eggs of Far- 
nassius, either smintheus or something close to it, have been obtained from 
West Montana. Agto butterflies, the author stated that he had never 
seen them scarcer than during the past year. An interesting discussion 
followed this paper, in which several members took part. 

Prof. Riley offered some “Notes on /Pedisca Scudderiana,’ and 
exhibited plants of Solidago containing the larvee of this species, and 
made some remarks on its habits which went to reconcile the published 
conclusions and differences between himself and Dr. Kellicott, and to 
show that while the insect is commonly a gall maker, it was also, excep- 
tionally, an inquiline. The specimens showed that the habits of the 
insect were variable, and that the larva was either a leaf-crumpler, living 
in a bunch of curled terminal leaves held together by a silken gallery, a 


stem-borer, without causing any swelling, or the maker of a more or less . 


perfect gall. He had also found it as an inquiline in the gall of Gelechia 
gallesolidaginis, the gall of which was always distinguishable from that of 
the Pzdisca ; among other things by the burrow of the larva always being 
traceable from the blighted tip of the plant, whereas the Pzedisca larva 
lived at first in the tip, and when making a gall always left the tip and 
bored in at the side. Mr. Kellicott’s observations were accurate so far as 
they went, but did not take into account the variation in habit. Mr. 
Riley had watched these larval habits during the present year from the 
time of hatching, and had concluded that the insect combined, in varying 
degree, the four characteristics of gall-maker, leaf-crumpler, stem-borer 
and inquiline. The larva living in the crumpled leaves later in the season 
had not been reared to the imago, but he had made comparisons of the 
young larve and found that they were exactly alike, but they showed con- 
siderable modification as they developed, especially after the last moult. 
Several other micro-lepidopterous larvee bored in the stems and lived 


among the leaves of Solidago ; while another species, yet unbred, made 


a gall similar to that of Peedisca; but all the other larve known to him 
were easily distinguished from Pezedisca. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 171 


Oe a = 


Mr. D. S. Kellicott sail he felt sure that his observations as reported 
in the paper referred to were correct, and he was glad to know that both 
his own conclusions and those of Mr. Riley could be thus harmonized. 
It would seem he had not carried his observations far enough to discover 
that all the larve of Scwdderiana fed at first in the terminal leaves. Late 
in the fall he had often taken from the terminal leaves the mature larvee 
referred to by Mr. Riley, but had so far failed to obtain the imago from 
them. Hehadsome doubt still of its being identical-with P. Scudderiana. 

Prof. Riley also called attention to the life habits of He/ia americalis, 
which he finds in the larval state to feed in the nests of Aurmica rufa. So 
far as he knows, this is the first Lepidopterous insect known to develop in 
ants’ nests. He also gave his experience in rearing Arsame obliquata 
during the past two years, and exhibited specimens in different stages of 
development. The eggs are laid in curious broadly conical or plano- 
convex masses enveloped in hair, and a cream colored mucous secretion, 
which combined look much like spun silk on the inside, and on the out- 
side like the glazed exudation of Orgyta deucostigma. The larva, which is 
pale at first, but dark in its later stages, bores into the stems of Saggit- 
taria and Nelumbium, and is semi-aquatic, the last pair of spiracles being 
exceptionally large and dorsal. There are two annual broods, the second 
hybernating as larvee in moss and decaying stumps near the water. The 
moth shows great variation and the summer brood is on the average not 
much more than half as large as the spring or hibernated generation, and 
generally much paler. 

Mr. D. S. Kellicott said that he had bred this moth at Buffalo, N. Y., 
where it was very abundant, and he had found it associated with another 
species, an account of which he promised to give at some future session. 

The meeting then adjourned to meet at 2 p. m. the following day. 

Wednesday, August 15th, 1883. 

The members of the Club met at 2 p. m., the President in the chair. 

A paper was presented by Prof. 5. A. Forbes entitled ‘“‘ Memoranda 
with regard to the contagious diseases of caterpillars and the possibility 
of using the virus of the same for economic purposes.” The writer had 
adopted the results of Pasteur’s discoveries in relation to the disease 
affecting silk-worms as the foundation for his researches. M. Pasteur 
some time since demonstrated the constant presence of a parasite in the 
- intestines of silk-worms affected by this disease, which has at times 
threatened the silk industry in Europe. This parasite was not only the 


172 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


indispensable accompaniment of the disease, but is its originating cause 
and the means by which it can be and is conveyed to other individuals of 
the species. 

By placing healthy silk-worms in contact with those suffering from the 
disease, by sprinkling them with the dust of excreta derived from the 
latter, or by moistening their food with an infusion of the fermented mul- 
berry leaves upon which these had fed, he proved the possibility of con- 
veying the disease from one subject to another. 

In pursuance of this, Prof. Forbes has witnessed instances of epidemic 
disease in different species of insects, as for instance in the Chinch Bug 
and the Yellow-necked Caterpillar, which disease was invariably dependent 
upon some form of bacteria or micrococcus, possible of cultivation and 
reproduction, and by means of which the disease can be indefinitely con- 
veyed. These facts give rise to the suggestion that the specific micro- 
coccus or bacteria causative of these fatal diseases may be used for the 
infection and destruction of insect pests. 

Prof. Osborn called attention to the fact that he had noticed Bombus 
pensylvanicus whabiting a deserted wren’s nest, situated under the roof of 
a porch, and at least twelve feet from the ground, it being the first instance 
he was aware of where they nested away from the surface of the ground. 

Mr. D. S. Kellicott had noticed the same or some allied species of 
Bombus inhabiting a mouse’s nest in the brace of a barn. 

Miss Murtfeldt had also seen them domiciled in a martin’s nest. 

Dr. Hoy presented for inspection the larva, pupee and imagines of 
Plusiodonta compressipalpis. He had watched the- insect through its 
transformations and had noted that during its early larval stages its pre- 
vailing color was a pea green varied with uniformly placed black spots, 
which increased in number with each successive moult. Only during the 
last stage of its larval life was the insect usually noticeable by other than 
professional eyes; since then its color was reddish brown ornamented 
with creamy white. J/enispermum Canadense was its usual food plant. 
The cocoon was formed by first building two nearly parallel walls and 
then uniting them at the top. Some larve which had been displaced after 
beginning to pupate, had apparently become exhausted, or their teeth had 
become loosened in anticipation of their approaching new condition, and 
they were willing to- accept bits of paper held to them on a pin, with 
which they finished the cocoons already begun. The species in Racine 
cannot be more than two-brooded. ‘The larve are not distinguishable: 








THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 173 


from those of Geometrid moths, as they are true loopers. Their trans- 
formations in some particulars were exceedingly prompt. 

Prof. Riley stated that he had known certain moths, notably Leucania 
untpuncta, to go through their entire transformations in fourteen days, and 
in some instances in only ten days. 

Prof. Herrick made enquiry as to what are sometimes known as frost- 
flies. 

Mr. Kellicott called attention to a monograph by T. Rymer Jones and 
one by E. Ray Lankester, to be found in the Quarterly Journal of Micro- 
scopical Science, and stated that the species common at Buffalo was 
Corethra plumicornis. 

Prof. Forbes had noticed the larve of Coretdra abundant in the 
stomachs of fishes. 

Adjourned to meet at the call of the President. 


Friday, August 17th, 1883. 


The Club met at the call of the President at 2 p. m., in the room in 
the University assigned to the use of Section F. 


Prof. Osborn presented a paper on the Phytoptera, a group of insects 
formerly regarded as the larvee of mites, the individuals of which are so 
small as to be invisible to the unaided eye. Reference was made to one 
form found on the soft maple, which occurs as a small swelling on the 
upper surface of the leaves, containing sometimes a number of these 
insects, at other times only two or three. One species affects the ash, 
occurring on both the upper and lower sides of the leaves, one on elm 
and one on box elder, that on the last named tree having a woolly struc- 
ture beneath the surface. This paper was illustrated by a very interesting 
series of carefully mounted microscopic specimens. 


Prof. Riley remarked that the species which occur in Europe had been 
well worked up there, and that in studying our species the work already 
done on this group should be carefully examined so as to avoid the mak 
ing of synonyms. He considered that the hybernating habits of these 
mites was one of the most interesting discoveries which had been made 
in reference to them, and he hoped that the attention of investigators 
would be especially turned to this point. He referred also to additional 
species which occur on the plum, cherry and linden. 


Mr. Osborn said that the Phytoptis on plum was not common in the 


174 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





neighborhood of Ames, although he had found it occasionally ; that on the 
maple is particularly abundant. 

Mr. Saunders referred to the unusual amount of black knot seen in 
Ontario this year, especially on the common red cherry trees, and stated 
that he had scarcely seen a specimen of this fungus on the cherry which 
had not one or more specimens of the plum curculio feeding on the 
interior. 

Mr. Riley remarked that the black knot had been very common of late 
all through the northern portions of New England. 

Mr. Kellicott had observed it as very common in Western New York, 
and had also noticed that a large proportion contained larvee. 

Mr. Osborn stated that he had observed the larvee of Gortyna nitela 
boring in young twigs of ash, and had noticed many dead twigs from this 
cause. He had failed to rear the imago from them on account of para- 
sites ; had also observed the same species feeding externally upon the 
leaves of the common plantain. ; 

Miss Murtfeldt had found the same insect in twigs of the maple, Acer 
dasycarpum. ; 

Prof. Riley stated that it occurred also in peach twigs and in the stalks 
of wheat; also in Ambrosia artemisifolia, where it enters from the sides. 

Prof. D. S. Kellicott offered the following notes on three lepidopterous 
stem-borers. 

1st, Arzame obliguata—Prof. Riley has referred to the habits of this 
species at a previous session of the Club, and I shall refer only to a few 
points. As I said yesterday, I feel sure that in Buffalo, N. Y., it is single- 
brooded. The eggs I have not found, but the recently hatched larve I 
have found feeding upon the flowers about the 12th of June. It occurs 
in Zypha latifolia, rarely in Sparganum. I have not found it in Sage¢- 
taria or Vuphar. Mr. Riley has referred to. the large posterior pair of 
spiracles placed dorsally. On account of this structure it may remain a 
long time swimming at the surface. I have had these larvee confined in a 
pail of water for five or six hours without apparent injury. When removed 
from their galleries and dropped into the water, they sink to the bottom 
and remain there for a considerable time; then rising to the surface, they 
swim about with a snake-like motion. In the autumn they leave their 
food plants and bury themselves in the earth, or crawl] into old wood, &c. 
They pupate in May. 

2nd—The second larva is that of a Vonagria, which I have called 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 175 





Nonagria subcarnea. This species is also single-brooded ; the larvee are 
found boring the stems of Za early in the summer, forming galleries in 
the stems ; it’'may be readily distinguished from those of A. obdiguata by 
the lighter color, often carneous, and by the fact that the last pair of 
spiracles is not syb-dorsal. I have found it rarely in Scirpus. It appears 
not to be so nearly aquatic, and probably does not pass from one plant to 
another through the water, or mud. When the time comes for pupation 
it prepares a pupa-cell above the water line and changes in the bottom of 
the same, with the head upwards. It leaves the epidermis closing the 
place of exit, and the freed moth breaks through this with its clypeal spine 
when it escapes, leaving the pupa skin in the cell. The elongate pupa 
has a very stout, blunt clypeal spine. The moth appears in August. It 
is known to abound throughout Western New York, Central Michigan and 
Eastern Wisconsin. 

3rd—The larva of a Cfz/o (?) bores the stems of Scirpus. Its habits 
are similar to those of a Vonagrian. It passes the winter in the old stems, 
and after the new ones appear it bores into them, passes below the water 
line, and lives low down in the stem. It is mature late in June, when it 
forms a pupa cell with its place of exit above the water. The pupa 
breaks up the epidermis left by the larva, covering the place of escape, 
but does not force its way out before disclosing the moth, in a manner 
similar to that of the A‘gerians and others. It is enabled to do this by 
means of clasps on the abdominal rings, and the sharp or pointed clypeus. 

Mr. Riley, in commenting on Dr. Kellicott’s communication, said that 
he had been greatly interested in the facts presented, and especially as to 
the pupation of the Vonagria. As to the difference in the clypeal pro- 
jection in the two pupz exhibited, he thought it might be sexual, as in all 
cases where the clypeus was produced sexual difference occurred, the 
greatest development being, so far as he had observed, not in the male 
but in the female. He had recently called attention in the Waturadist to 
the correllation between the produced clypeus and the horny, exsertile 
ovipositor, and the fact that they indicated enxdophytous larval habit. The 
various methods of imaginal exit in stem-boring Lepidoptera, and the 
structural modifications that resulted were most interesting to the philo- 
sophical entomologist. In some species, as in the Vonagrian here men- 
tioned, the clypeal point on the pupa seemed merely a consequence of the 
necessary point in the imago, the pupa remaining in its burrow and the 
imago boring out. In others, as in Prodoxus decipiens, the similar 


176 ' THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





clypeal point on the pupa permitted it to partly bore out of the stem and 
thus release the imago, which had no homologous point, but an unarmed 
head. In some borers the larva prepared a little door which the imago 
easily pushed open, the pupa remaining inactive within its prison ; while 
in others, closely related, the pupa did the work by forcing itself partly 
out. There could be no question of the digoneutic nature of Arsame 
obliguata at Washington, and none as to its variability as illustrated’ by 
his specimens, vadnifica and melanopyga, being doubtless but forms of it. 


Some specimens of Cantharis Nuttali were exhibited by Prof. Riley, 
it being stated that in Dakota they were accused of devouring the growing 
wheat. 

The meeting then adjourned, when the members spent some time in 
informal conversation and in examining the microscopic specimens illus- 
trating Prof. Osborn’s paper. 









SST 
OBITUARY NOTICES. 


PROF. P. €. ZELLER. 





The death of this veteran lepidopterist has occurred, long expected 
and deeply regretted. Seven years younger than the century itself, Prof. 
Zeller was born on the oth of April, 1808. Professor in the Prussian Real 
Schule at Meseritz, he was finally retired on a Government pension, and 
has lived since 1870 near Stettin, continuing his entomological labors in 
connection with the Entomological Society of Stettin. Commencing to 
write at an early age, Prof. Zeller has grown up with the modern science 
of lepidopterology. His earliest studies were upon the collections of Frau 
Lienig and the material brought by himself from a southern trip, which 
extended as far as Sicily. Zeller discovered the curious diurnal Rhodocera 
Farinosa, besides describing certain Lycenide, but his principal attention 
was given to the small moths of the families Pyralide to Tinerde, the 
modern classification of which he may be said to have founded. He first 
cleared up the confusion as to the genera of Phycide, and by using natural 
characters, chiefly secondary sexual ones, he succeeded in disentangling 
our minds with regard to the order of nature in this obscure and neglected 
field of inquiry. His species and genera are very numerous and almost 
always valid. It is a misfortune that his valuable monograph on -the 


. 








8 he ee tl 


"Yo; < 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 177% 


Crambid@ was issued so nearly simultaneously with the worthless writings 
of Francis Walker on the same subject, so that some of our North 
American material has been twice named. The evidence seems to be 
that Zeller’s paper may have been earlier. As a matter of justice it should 
have priority. In a series of articles, published since retirement from 
official duties, Prof. Zeller described a number of moths from North 


America. Rather more than the, unfortunately not to be avoided, pro- 


portion of synonyms mark the papers, which are otherwise models of what. 
descriptional work ought to be. Still later, Prof. Zeller has published a 
beautifully illustrated volume on microlepidoptera, and has given a 
classification of CizZo. As I remember him, in 1867, Prof. Zeller was a 
white-haired gentleman of very kind manners and enthusiastic for his 
favorite science. He was moderately thin and tall, wearing a slight 
whisker, but otherwise with clean shaven mouth and face. His nose was 
large and well-shapen, his eyes bright and the whole expression of his face 
pleasing. He had high cheek bones, and his countenance was unmis- 
takably German in its salient features. Loew, the celebrated dipterist, 
was then living in Meseritz, and an entomological excursion which I made 
with these two celebrities is among the most pleasant of my European 
reminiscences. Prof. Zeller’s home relations were of the happiest, and 
the sympathy of an amiable and considerate wife was his through life. 
And it was a life devoted to science and learning. His accomplishments 
as a linguist and teacher were well known and appreciated in Germany. 
We know him chiefly as a biologist, the describer of the exterior structure 
of lepidoptera. He was fortunate enough to avoid much of the contro- 
versial spirit which accompanies descriptive entomology. Although he 
felt deeply the uselessness of the British Museum Lists and his own 
studies were impeded thereby, he has, on the whole, little to say in 
criticism of others. He was not only charitable, but had schooled all 
natural irritability. His assistance was freely given to others, and Mr. 
Stainton’s work on the Zize‘nma acknowledges its value. He was a type 
of a kindly German pedagogue and naturalist which hardly exists else- 
where. A. R. G. in Papilio. 


CHARLES ARNOLD, 


of Paris, Ontario, died after a short illness on the 15th day of April, 1883. 
Although not an active worker in the Entomological field, he was a close 
observer of the habits of insects, especially such as are injurious to agri- 





178 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








culture and horticulture, and in this way a most useful member of our 
Society. He was quiet and unobtrusive, but his work, especially as a 
hybridist, made him widely known. He originated many good varieties 
of fruits, cereals and other useful plants, some of which are much appre- 
ciated. Few men have done so much good in so quiet a way. 


PROF. TOWNEND GLOVER, 


long so well known as Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture in 
Washington, died on the 8th of September from an attack of appoplexy, 
at the house of his adopted daughter in Baltimore, in his 71st year. He 
was a most careful and painstaking observer, a good draughtsman and an 
excellent engraver, and employed his every spare moment in producing 
figures of American insects. In the preparation of these plates his . 
industry was incessant, and the wonder is how, in one short life, he could 
have accomplished so much. ‘The plates, with the accompanying notes, 
have been purchased by the United States Government, and it is hoped 
that they will be published in sufficient number to admit of their being 
available to educational institutions and students of Entomology through- 
out the country. A complete set of his beautiful works, of which only 
fifteen copies are extant, have been secured for the library of our Society. 
He was an honorary member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and 
ever felt a deep interest in our work. 


Vv. T. CHAMBERS, 


A valued contributor to the pages of the Canapian EnrTomo.ocist, died 
on the 7th of August, his fifty-second birthday, at his home in Covington, 
Kentucky. He labored long and ardently on the Micro-Lepidoptera, and 
in his numerous descriptions of species and careful notes on their habits, 
has left behind him an enduring monument. He began a series of papers 
on Micros in the third volume of our journal, published in 1871, pub- 
lishing ten papers before the end of that year. These were followed by 
twelve papers in volume 4, nine in vol. 5, ten in vol. 6, nine in vol. 7, 
seven in vol. 8, ten in vol. 9, four in vol. ro, four in vol. 11, one in vol. 
12, two in vol. 13, and one in vol. 14, seventy-eight papers in all, besides a 
few communications on other Entomological subjects. His writings have 
added much to the interest and value of our journal, and we shall miss 
him much. 








THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 179 





DR. JAMES S. BAILEY, 


Of Albany, N. Y., died at his residence, No. 95 Eagle St., on July rst, 
after a protracted illness. He was an enthusiastic student of insects, who 
devoted most of his attention to the Lepidoptera, of which he possessed 
a fine collection. He has contributed a number of papers to the Enro- 
MOLOGIST, among others an illustrated one on the natural history of Cossus 
Centerensis, in No. I., vol. 11, and at the time of his death was engaged 
im preparing a paper on the tree-boring species of this genus for the 
Department of Agriculture. 


tae eee 





CORRESPONDENCE. 


Dear Sir,—While on a visit to the neighborhood of Brantford for a 
couple of weeks in the latter part of July, I came upon an elm stump with 
the bark curled loosely round it. On pulling back the bark I saw a 
Calopteron reticulatum fresh and bright. The form, with the front part 
of the wing covers, all yellow ; the hind part, blue black. There was also 
one just emerged. It was a chalky white all over; the front part with a 
yellowish tinge, the hind part with a bluish tinge. On examining the 
stump and inside the bark I found clusters of pupz, remarkable in the 
regular formation of the cluster. ‘The pupe were in straight rows, close, 
side by side, the row above half lapped over the row below it, each pupa 
of the upper row placed exactly between the two below it. One cluster 
was formed thus :—The lower row four; the second row four, one pro- 
jecting to the left ; the third row three ; the fourth row two ; the fifth row 
two, one projecting to the right. Another cluster had four in the lower 
row ; five in the second, two projecting to the left ; four in the third ; 
three in the fourth, and finished there. Then there were twos and threes 
in different places, with one by itself. I visited them often to watch their 
appearance. Sluggishness seemed to be their principal characteristic. 
Slow in withdrawing from the pupa case; slow in obtaining color and 
consistency, and slow to go off on the wing. True, the weather was cool 
and showery, which would tend to increase their slowness. They did not 
come out in order of time according to the rows, but came from the upper 
and lower ones indiscriminately ; but every one of them was the same 





180 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





form, not a banded one amongst them—that form was abundant on the 
bushes at the time. There were still about half a dozen to mature when I 
left, but some of them were sufficiently advanced to give indications 
through the pupa skin what they were to be. On re-reading Mr. 
Coquillett’s article in the May number of the Canapian ENTOMOLOGIST, 
I was quite startled on finding that he says his pupa was suspended by 
the hind end of its body ; for the result of my observation was to leave 
the impression strong on my mind that they were suspended by the head, 
and I did not think it strange that they were, or that anyone had thought 
differently. My impression of the tinge of color through the pupa skin is 
that the yellow was up, and on one visit there was one that seemed as if 
the pupa skin had just burst on the back and left the insect exposed in 
exactly the position it was before it burst, and I was struck with the 
exact resemblance in form and size, even to the pupa on either side of it. 
But is not this the usual position for Coleopterous larve to suspend ? 
Hamilton, Sept., 1883. J. Aston Morrat. 


[We think that when our valued correspondent has an opportunity of 
examining pupe of this insect more carefully, that he will find that they are 


suspended by the head downwards, as in the case of the Coccinellide.— 
Bp. C.K. | 


Having occasion lately to refer to some back numbers of the Proceed- 
ings of the Boston Natural History Society, my eye accidentally fell on a 
paper by Professor Alexander Winchell, read before the Michigan Scientific 
Association on June 24th, 1863, and entitled, “Notes on Se/andria 
cerasi, Harris, as it occurs at Ann Arbor, Michigan.” (p. 325.) 

Glancing over the paper, I saw the following passage: ‘‘As to the 
remedy for this horticultural pest, it may be added to what has been 
already published that the odor of coal-tar effectually drives away the fly. 
This can be. smeared over a board and suspended in the tree, a resort 
which L have found effectual against the plum-weevil.” 

Can you or any of your readers tell me if this alleged means of driving 
off Cenotrachelus nenuphar has really any virtue? I never recollect see- 
ing the plan suggested before this. Yours faithfully, 

E. W. CLAYPOLE. 
4 (August No., issued Sept. 5, 1883.) 





Th Canadran Entomologist. 





VOL, XV. LONDON, ONT., OCTOBER, 1883. onl Ze) 








ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT. OF THE ENTO- 
MOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 


GENTLEMEN,—Twenty years ago, on the afternoon of the 16th of 
April, 1863, there met at the rooms of the Canadian Institute in Toronto, 
nine gentlemen interested in Entomology, for the purpose of organizing a 
Society having for its object the advancement of Entomology in Canada. 
These gentlemen had been called by special invitation of the Rev. C. J. 
S. Bethune and myself, and in addition to the nine who responded by 
their presence, letters of apology were received from five others, express- 
ing regret at their being unable to attend; these fourteen comprised all 
who at that time took an active interest in Entomology in Canada. 

A Society was duly organized under the name of The Entomological 
Society of Canada, with the late Professor Croft, of ‘Toronto, as its first 
President. Two scientific papers on insects were presented and read, and 
a number of interesting insects exhibited. Application was made to the 
Council of the Canadian Institute for the use of a room in their building, 
which was kindly granted free of expense, and it was resolved to hold 
monthly meetings for the discussion of Entomological subjects. 

In December of the same year a committee was appointed to prepare 
and publish catalogues of the names of insects in the orders of Coleoptera 
and Lepidoptera, and in May the following year the committee reported 
that the list of Lepidoptera had been completed and published, and that 
considerable progress had been made in determining the species of Cole- 
optera, but not sufficient to warrant the publication of the catalogue. This 
catalogue was completed and published shortly after. Before the close of 
this meeting committees were appointed charged with the special duty of 
paying particular attention to the study of insects injurious to vegetation. 

Previous to this nothing had been done in Canada in the important 
department of Economic Entomology ; no information was available to 
the farmer or fruit grower in reference to most of the insect pests which 
destroyed his field crops or fruit, unless he happened to be the fortunate 


182 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


possessor of a volume published in New England by Dr. Harris, under 
the title of “‘ Insects Injurious to Vegetation in Massachusetts,” and this, 
although a very useful work, only partially met the wants of the practical 
farmer. Dr. Fitch, State Entomologist for New York, had published his 
first nine reports, and was almost the only active laborer in this important 
department of insects injurious to agriculture, but his works were not 
accessible to many in this country. 

In scientific Entomology but little had been done in Canada up to 
this period. Several catalogues of the names of insects captured in this 
country had appeared in the “‘Canadian Naturalist,” the organ of the 
Natural History Society of Montreal, and the occurrence of several rare 
species of butterflies had been noted. Messrs. Wm. Couper and E. Bil- 

lings, of Montreal, had also communicated some papers to the same 

journal urging the importance of the study of Entomology and referring 
to the habits of some of the pine borers and other prominent insects ; but 
the circulation of the ‘ Naturalist” was so limited that the information 
given reached but few in the community. 

The Entomological Society of Canada at first had no funds to enable 
them to publish reports of their proceedings beyond the small sum derived 
from the annual fees of the members, but among these were a number of 
active workers, who, by careful and systematic observation and study, 
were rapidly accumulating stores of knowledge which were destined to be 
of much value in the future to the great community of farmers and horti- 
culturists. At first the proceedings of the infant Society were published 
in the Canadian Journal, but soon it was felt to be most desirable, in order 
to give them the prominence they deserved, that the records of facts 
observed by the members should be published in a separate form, and 


early in 1867 an effort was made to obtain some assistance from the 


Canadian Government to aid the Society in carrying out this object ; but 
at a meeting held on the rst of June, 1867, a communication was pre- 
sented from the Finance Minister of the United Provinces to the effect 
that he could not recommend any fresh grants for scientific objects, as the 
country was on the eve of confederation. The annual report of the 
Secretary presented at this meeting showed that the membership had been 
increased to 48. The meeting was to have been followed by a field day, 
but the Fenian Raid, which just then occurred, called some of the mem- 
bers away to their duty as volunteers, and others to the defence of their 
homes. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 183 





In August, 1868, the first number of the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 
appeared under the editorship of our esteemed coadjutor, Rev. C. J. S. 
Bethune, of Port Hope. It was a humble looking sheet of eight pages 
only, and this was not promised to be issued at any regular intervals, but 
from time to time, as material accumulated which was thought to be 
worthy of publication. To meet the expenses of publication, voluntary 
contributions were made by many of the members, and it was thus sus- 
tained and issued monthly for fifteen months, during which time it was 
found to be so useful that it met with encouragement everywhere ; it had 
also acquired a reputation abroad, and many Entomologists in Great 
Britain and the United States had become regular subscribers. Early in 
1870, the Council of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario, 
recognizing the important bearing of Entomology on Agriculture, liberally 
appropriated the sum of four hundred dollars in aid of the Entomological 
Society for the year ensuing, on the following conditions: That the 
Society continued to publish the CanapIAN ENToMOLOGIST, that it furnish 
a report to the Council on insects injurious or beneficial to Agriculture, 
and that a small cabinet of insects illustrating the various orders be made 
and placed at the disposal of the Council. These conditions were gladly 
complied with and faithfully carried out, and the report, consisting of 64 
pages illustrated with 61 cuts, was printed in the report of the Commis- 
sioner of Agriculture for that year. During the latter part of 1870 an 
amendment to the Agricultural and Arts Act was introduced by the Hon 
John Carling, then Commissioner of Agriculture for Ontario, which pro- 
vided for the incorporation of the Society under the name of “‘ The Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario,” with a yearly-grant of five hundred dollars 
from the public funds of the Province, on condition that the Society pre- 
pare annually for the Commissioner of Agriculture a report on the subject 
of insects injurious or beneficial to the farm and garden, with the under- 
standing also that the CaNapIAN ENnvoMmoLocist should be continued. 
During the period which has since elapsed, the Ontario Government have 
recognized the value of the service rendered by the Society to the agricul- 
tural interests of Ontario by increasing the grant several times, until it now 
amounts to one thousand dollars a year. The liberality of the Govern- 
ment has greatly stimulated the work of the Society. 

The practical or economic aspect of this work has been presented to 
the public mainly in the series of thirteen annual reports, which have been 
submitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture by members of the Society, 


184 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


and published in the Commissioner’s report. In these publications the 
insects injurious to the various field crops and fruits have from time to 
time been discussed, together with the remedies which have been suggested 
for their destruction. ‘The value of these reports is indicated by the de- 
mand which has arisen for them, owing to which it has been found neces- 
sary to greatly increase the number of copies issued ; some of those belong- 
ing to the earlier years are now quite scarce and difficult to obtain. They 
have been most favorably noticed by the press in al] parts of America and 
Great Britain, and thus the good work has been brought prominently 
into notice. If we contrast the amount of information now available to 
our farmers and fruit growers on the nature and life history of destructive 
insects, and the best methods of subduing them, with our knowledge on 
this subject fifteen years ago, the vast progress made will at once be recog- 
nized, and it is to the unselfish labors of the members of our Society that 
much of the credit for this is legitimately due. I have no hesitation in 
asserting that the value of the information thus distributed has returned to 
the country by the losses which have been lessened or prevented many 


times the amount which has been granted to the Society during the past | 


twelve years from the public moneys of this Province. 

The Canapian ENromo.ocisr has been regularly issued, and is now 
in its fifteenth volume. The volumes published have contained a vast 
amount of useful scientific information, which, by its wide dissemination, 
has been one of the chief factors in the progress of entomology in this 
country. ‘The work of our Society in this department has attracted much 
attention abroad, and our journal has been sought after by many of the 
learned Societies in Great Britain, the United States, France, Germany, 
Russia and Sweden, and regular exchanges of our publications with theirs 
on equal terms effected. Thus from small beginnings the Entomological 
Society of Ontario has come to be recognized as one of the important aids 
to scientific progress. It is much to the credit of Ontario that for some 
years the CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST was the only regularly issued periodi- 
cal specially devoted to the interests of Entomology on the American con- 
tinent, and that it still commands the contributions of many of the most 
distinguished entomologists in all parts of the country. 

During the period of the existence of the Society a large collection of 
insects has been made, a good library accumulated, and an excellent 
working microscope and other facilities for the study of insects provided, 
all of which are readily accessible here to any of our members who may 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 185 


reside in London, or who may visit us from a distance. The collection 
shown, at the request of the Government, at the Centennial Exposition in 
Philadelphia in 1876, attracted much attention, and was admitted by all 
to be the most complete exhibit of North American insects ever brought 
together ; the Society was awarded a gold medal on that occasion. Last 
year a request was made by the Minister of Fisheries for the Dominion of 
Canada that our Society would prepare and exhibit a collection of such 
insects as were injurious to fishes as well as those which served as food 
for fishes, to be sent with the Canadian exhibit to the Great International 
Fisheries Exhibition, now being held in London, England. ‘The arrange- 
ment of this collection was undertaken by our worthy Secretary, Mr. E. 
Baynes Reed, who completed the work, and sent forward in due season 
forty cases of Canadian insects. 


The large collection of carefully determined specimens in the cabinets 
in the Society’s rooms in London, has also served a valuable purpose as a 
collection of reference, where collectors from all parts of our country can 
name their collections, and where all the books and appliances which can 
aid this work are ready at hand. As our knowledge of the insect forms 
found in our country increases, classified lists of theirnames are published 
by the Society for the purpose of aiding students in arranging their collec- 
tions, and also indicating the work which has been accomplished. 


During the past year a most complete and systematic index has been 
prepared by our Secretary, Mr. KE. Baynes Reed, to the full series of our 
thirteen annual reports, by means of which the information they contain, 
in reference to any insect or subject, may be referred to with little trouble 
or delay. This has greatly enhanced the value of these reports, and 
opened the eyes of all to the vast fund of information they contain; the 
results amply repay the attendant labor and outlay of this compilation, 
and nothing would do more to add to the value of the CANADIAN ENTO- 
MOLOGIST than the publication of a similar general index to the fifteen 
volumes of our monthly, now nearly completed. I trust our esteemed 
Secretary may be induced to continue the good work in this direction. 


We have not been afflicted with any very formidable invasion of insect 
enemies during the past year. At the opening of the season the apple-tree 
aphis, which is generally common, was, in some districts, unusually 
abundant, and attracted some attention. The injury inflicted by them on 
the apple buds was not serious, and ina few days the buds expanded, 


186 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





when the lice became scattered over the opening foliage and caused no 
further apprehension. 

Later on, the tufted caterpillar of the white-marked tussock moth, 
Orgyia /eucostigma, appeared in force, having hatched in multitudes from 
the numerous masses of eggs attached to the twigs and limbs of various 
trees. These eggs are usually partly sheltered by a dead leaf, or leaves 
firmly adherent. The mass contains from 300 to 500 white eggs, imbedded 
in a frothy, gelatinous substance ; is of a grayish white color, with a nearly 
smooth convex surface, while there is usually attached to the mass the 
empty grey cocoon, from which the parent moth escaped. The eggs 
hatch about the middle of May, when the young larve at once begin to 
devour the leaves of the tree on which they are placed, rapidly increase in 
size, and when full grown present a handsome appearance. Their bodies 
are more than an inch long, of a bright yellow color, witha red head, three 
or four cream-colored tufts set in a black stripe along the back, two long 
black spreading plumes, extending forward on the anterior part of the 
body, and one at the opposite extremity. By gathering the clusters of 
eggs during the winter when they are easily seen, the depredations of this 
insect may be prevented ; but should this simple measure from any cause 
be omitted, the larvae may be destroyed on the trees by syringing the folli- 
age on which they are feeding with Paris green and water, in the propor- 
tion of a teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water. This caterpillar 
is a very general feeder, and occurred this year on almost every species 
of deciduous tree, especially on street trees, and in lawns and parks, as 
well as in orchards. 

The clover seed midge, to which the attention of the farmers of this 
Province was first called in the annual report of our Society for 1881, con- 
tinues to extend its sphere of operations, and many complaints are being 
made of the failure of the crop of clover seed from this cause. The per- 
fect insect is a two-winged fly, about the size and having much of the 
general appearance of the wheat midge. By the aid of a long ovipositor 
the insect pushes her minute eggs down the flower tubes in the young 
clover heads, and when hatched the tiny red larve devour the seed. In 
districts where this insect has fairly established itself, there seems to be 
but one method of subduing it, and that is to starve it out by ceasing to 
grow clover for a year or two. A large proportion of the larve may be 
destroyed by cutting the clover earlier than usual, just as it is coming into 
bloom, when, being only partially developed, most of them would perish. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 187 


The greatest danger arises from the possibility of their being distributed 
by the use of infested clover seed. The insect passes the winter either in 
the larval or pupal state, and in both of these conditions is often found 
amongst clover seed, and if sown with the seed the insect is placed amid 
conditions most favorable for its development. Seedsmen should carefully 
examine their seed before offering it for sale, and farmers should exercise 
_ similar caution before purchasing. The insects are very small, but are 
much larger than the individual seeds, and if a small quantity of the clover 
seed is passed through a fine sieve, these insects, if present, will be found 
along with the coarser weed seeds, with which clover seed is so often 
contaminated. 

The maple Egerian, known also as the legged maple borer, “gerza 
acerni, has prevailed during the past year in the neighborhood of London 
to an alarming extent, to the serious injury of some of our shade trees. 
These insects, which pass the winter in the larval state under the bark of 
the maple trees, change to chrysalids early in June, and about the middle 
of that month they protrude themselves from the bark to the extent of 
about half an inch, when in a very short time the mature insect escapes, 
leaving the empty chrysalis behind it. This is a very pretty, clear-winged 
moth, resembling a wasp, which, when its wings are spread, will measure 
about three quarters of an inch across. The transparent wings are 
adorned with bluish-black markings, the head is orange, the thorax yellow, 
and the abdomen bluish-black, banded with golden yellow. The female 
lays her eggs on the bark of the trees, preferring the red maple, Acer 
rubrum, although the other varieties of maple are also more or less 
affected. In a few days small larve hatch from the eggs, which penetrate 
through the bark, and feed upon the inner portion and sap-wood of the 
tree, making an irregular cavity, which is packed with the castings of the 
larva, mixed with minute fragments of wood. When full grown, it is 
about three quarters ofan inch long, with a small yellow head and a white 
or yellowish white body, which is darker on the hinder segments. Where 
the larve are safely lodged under the bark, no remedy but the knife will 
reach them, but the moths may be prevented from laying their eggs by 
coating the bark with a mixture of soap and strong solution of washing 
soda, the mixture being made about the consistence of ordinary paint, and 
applied to the trees in the middle of June. 

Within the past two or three years Paris green, mixed with water in 
the proportion of a teaspoonful to a pailful of water, has been recom- 


188 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





mended as a remedy for the codling moth, the mixture being freely applied 
to the apple trees with a syringe or force pump soon after the fruit has 
set. The results of experiments conducted during the past season, go far 
towards establishing the value of this remedy, the number of wormy apples 
having been materially lessened on the trees so treated. In my own ex- 
periments, where the mixture was applied to alternate trees, the proportion 
of wormy fruit in some instances on the trees syringed seemed to be nearly 
the same as on the adjoining trees, which were not treated, the fruit on 
both being less wormy than usual, while in other instances there was a 
very unusual freedom from the apple worm. Other experimenters claim 
far more decided results. So promising a measure, where so much is at 
stake, well deserves a most extensive trial. The mixture should be applied 
while the fruit is quite small, and before the stem is bent with its weight ; 
then as the eye or calyx of the fruit, on which the codling moth usually 
deposits her eggs, points upwards, it will more readily catch some portion 
of the spray. A very minute quantity lodged in the little cavity and dry- 
ing there would leave a trace of Paris green sufficient to destroy the newly 
hatched larva as it begins to eat its way into the fruit. 

The meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science was held this year at Minneapolis, where I had the honor to repre- 
sent our Society. The attendance of Entomologists, although good, was 
scarcely so large as last year. Since the adoption of the new constitution, 
whereby the sub-section of Entomology has been merged into the section 
of Biology, the Entomologists have greatly felt the need of opportunities of 
bringing up for informal discussion many questions suggested by the 
experience of those present, matters which could not well be brought 
before the general session. ‘To meet this need the Entomological Club of 
the Association has been re-organized, several interesting meetings were 
held, the proceedings of which have been reported for the ENTOMOLOGIST. 

We have had occasion to mourn the loss by death, during the past 
year, of several well known Entomologists, some of whom were active 
members and valued contributors to our journal. The names of Zeller, 
Glover and Chambers are familiar to you all; these have passed away. 
Our list also includes the names of Dr. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., Prof. 
Croft, late of Toronto, and Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ontario. Prof. P. 
C. Zeller, the eminent German Lepidopterist, whose labors in the Micro- 
lepidoptera have given him a world-wide reputation, died at his home near 
Stettin at the ripe age of 77 years. Dr. Jas. S. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y., 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 189 


a zealous worker among the lepidoptera, and an occasional contributor to 
the EnromoLocist, passed away on the 1st of July. Prof. Townend 
Glover, who for so many years held the position of Entomologist to the 
Department of Agriculture in Washington, died on the 8th of September. 
Probably no man ever worked more persistently and continuously than 
he. <A good draughtsman and an excellent engraver, it was his delight 
to make figures of every native insect brought under his notice? Our 
library has been enriched by his beautiful works, and the wonder is how 
any man in one short life could have done so much. His health having 
failed, he retired several years ago from his official position and active 
work, and spent his last days in a quiet home in Baltimore. V. T. 
Chambers, of Covington, Kentucky, one of our most regular and valued 
contributors, died on the 7th of August in his fifty-second birthday. To 
him we are largely indebted for the knowledge we possess of our Micro- 
lepidoptera, a field in which he ardently labored, and in which he was a 
worthy successor to the late Dr. Clemens. His loss will be much felt and 
deplored. Charles Arnold, of Paris, Ont., although not an active worker 
in the entomological field, was a close observer of the habits of insects, 
especially such as are injurious to agriculture or horticulture. He has 
long been a member of our Society ; was with us at our annual meeting 
held here two years ago, and took part in our discussions. He died on 
the 15th of August in his 66th year. Prof. Croft was well known throughout 
Canada as an eminent chemist, and always took an active interest in ento- 
mology. He had a prominent part in the formation of our Society ; was 
its first President, and always manifested the greatest interest in its pros- 
perity. He died at the residence of his son, San Diego, Texas, after a 
brief illness, aged 64 years. Who will press forward and fill the vacant 
places in our ranks? One by one we pass away, but our favorite 
branch of natural science still lives, and will continue to assert its increas- 
ing importance, and confer its benefits on all succeeding generations. 
Wm. SAUNDERS. 


PREPARATORY STAGES OF EPILACHNA BOREALIS, Fas. 
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL. 


Egg.—Length .06 inch by .o2 in width. In shape elliptical, rather 
narrow. Color dingy yellow, somewhat pulverulent. There were 56 of 
these found on the under side of a leaf, set on one end and about .o5 inch 


190 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





apart. They were found September g, 1883, at which time they were 
hatching, hence the length of the egg period is not known. 

Young Larve.—Length .o6 inch. Color dull yellow, more or less 
brownish at the ends, the sides of the head distinctly brownish. Each 
joint bears six branching spines concolorous with the body. In outline 
somewhat elliptical, the head being nearly as broad as the middle of the 
body, but the anal joint is not. Length of this period 5 days. 


After First Moult.—Length .10 inch. Shaped much as before, oblong 
elliptical. Color pale dull yellow, clearer than before the moult. Num- 
ber of spines the same, about 3 branches to each. Head blackish on the 
sides. Length of this period 6 days. 


After Second Moult.—Length .20 inch. Shape and branching spines 
as during the last period, except there are more points to each spine than 
before, seven counted on one. Ground color yellow, clearer than before 
moult, eyes blackish yellow, a black spot in the lower part of each, anda 
spot below the eyes blackish yellow. Legs, except the articulations, 
smoky yellow. Tips of spines brown. More narrowly elongate than 
during last period. The length of this period not known, as the food 
plant died, mostly from attacks of these insects. Before finding the eggs, 
however, I had taken a description of a mature larva and pupa, as well 
as pupal period. From what I observed then on the food plant earlier in 
the season, I know that the principal differences that would have been 
noted on the stages between the second moult and the mature larva were 
those of size. 


Mature Larva.—Length from .35 to .40 inch. Elliptical in outline, 
the width and height through the middle of the body .15 inch. Color 
yellow, each joint with 6 branching spines which are yellow on their basal 
half, the rest black, there being about 9 branches to each spine. Eyes 
and ends of tarsi brownish black. 


Chrysalis.—Length .35 inch, of an outline similar to the mature larva ; 
yellow, moderately covered with short hairs, black and white mixed. 
Length of this period 8 days. 


Dr. Packard says of this: ‘‘ The larve, according to Osten Sacken, 
are common on the leaves of the pumpkin. It is yellow, with long, brown, 
branched spines, arranged in rows of six on each segment, except the 
first thoracic segment, which has only four.” I found them feeding on 
Echinocystis Lobata, or the common prickly cucumber, and found not 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 191 








only the larvee, but the beetles, feeding freely on the leaves, showing no 
disposition to feed on plant lice, the generally acknowledged food of the 
Coccinellide. To test this, one of the beetles was placed in a jelly dish 
with a leaf, upon which it at once went to feeding, and I saw them doing 
the same thing on the vines. ‘The larvee in feeding eat the whole of the 
tissue on the under side of the leaf, except the veins, leaving the upper 
epidermis. The beetles usually eat this, leaving only the veins. 

Assuming the egg period to be 5 days, and the third and fourth larval 
periods the same as the first and second respectively, we would have a 
period from the egg to the imago of 35 days, which can not be far from 
correct. They probably pass the winter in the imago state, as do others 
of the family. 


PSEPHENUS LECONTEI—ON THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY 
OF THE LARVA: 


BY D. S. KELLICOTT, BUFFALO, N. Y. 


This singularly interesting larva occurs in abundance in the rapids of 
the Niagara above the Falls. The writer has taken it in other rapid 
streams in Western New York, also at different places in Michigan ; 
besides, its occurrence in widely separated localities has been recorded by 
observers, hence we are led to believe that it is distributed throughout 
Eastern North America. Dr. Leconte has described another species, Ps. 
haldemanni, from the peninsula of California ; its larva, it seems, has not 
been described. 

The first notice of our larva is that by Dr. Kay in Part VI. (Crus- 
tacea), page 53, Zoology of New York, 1844. It is described in that 
work as a new genus and species of Crustacea, under the name Pluvicola 
FHlerricki; a poor figure is given. Dr. John L. Leconte, in Agassiz’s Lake 
Superior, page 241, 1850, describes it more exactly ; he gives an account 
of the parts of the mouth ; no figures are given. In the proceedings of 
the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Vol. VI., page 41, 1852, the same 
author has a brief account of the larva, but adds no additional facts. In 
Dr. Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects, page 450, 1870, the charac- 
teristics of the larva are briefly stated, and a figure is given which shows 
well enough the outline of the insect. 


192 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








The present paper is intended for a supplement to those already pub- 
lished, while it is believed that in a few instances inaccuracies in them are 
corrected, and some omissions are supplied; yet it is acknowledged 
that it is far less. complete than it might have been, had full advantage 
been taken of the material at hand. The dissected parts, particularly 
those of the mouth organs, which served for the drawings of the figures, 
have been mounted in balsam for preservation. 


The larva of Psephenus has been compared with those of /e/ichus and 
Elmis ; from the latter it is said to differ in no important particular. 
Figure 2 of the plate represents a larva supposed to be that of Me/ichus 
lithophilus, Germ., and is introduced for the purpose of comparison with 
Ps. Lecontei (Fig. 1). The general resemblance is close, some essential 
differences appear, but no full description of the larva of Hedéchus is at 
hand for comparison. 

The young larva of Psephenus is found clinging to stones, the shells of 
Unio, old wood and the like, usually where the flow of water is considerable, 
often in the wild rapids, yet they have been taken in quiet water along the 
shore, or even in ponds entirely cut off from flowing water; their flat, 
disc-like form, concave below, marginal cilia and powerful legs enabling 
them to resist the swiftest current. 

Excluding the head the larva is made up of twelve rings; the body 
proper is but little broader, relatively, than that of many other Coleopter- 
ous larvee ; the shield form is due to an uncommon extension of the tergal 
folds, pleurites of the first ten body rings. The prothoracic segment is 
broad, and extends over the head like a buckler ; it is divided by sutures 
into six parts ; those on either side of the median suture are each divided 
into two by a suture from near the anterior edge obliquely backwards to 
near the middle of the posterior border; the external pieces correspond 
with the pleurites of the following rings (Fig. 1, a). The second and third 
thoracic rings are broad, nearly equal, the expanded plate of the meso- 
thorax is, however, more wedge-shaped than that of the post-thorax, in 
order that its outer margin may complete the outline curve with the pro- 
thorax. ‘The first three rings occupy one half of the expanded surface of 
the larva. 

The seven succeeding abdominal rings have nearly equal length, but 
gradually diminish in width from the first, the widest part of the body, to 
the eighth and ninth. These two have nearly equal width. They are, 
however, considerably longer than the abdominal joints above them. The 


Se 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 193 


terminal joint is thick anteriorly, but posteriorly it becomes membranous, 
thus agreeing with the pleurites of the anterior rings ; the anal opening is 
situated in the thickened part (Fig. 1, 4). The abdominal segments from 
one to seven, like those of the thorax, have each a wide, more or less 
wedge-shaped lateral expansion ; that of the first extends at right angles 
to the body, but those of the following rings are, more and more, directed 
backward, that of the seventh being parallel to the line of the body, so 
that the oval outline of the larva is preseryed, although the eighth segment 
lacks the prolongations. ‘There is a plain suture in the median or dorsal 
line (Fig. 1, ¢); there is also one dividing each ring at the base of the 
pleurite (Fig. 1, d). These lateral sutures or fissures are more pronounced 
on the terminal segments. The anterior, free edges of the pleurites bear - 
a few stiff hairs, while the outer edges are furnished with a close-set ample 
fringe of sub-equal hairs. 

The general color is grayish brown ; under a lens there are blotches of a 
darker hue spread over a lighter field ; moreover, the whole upper surface 
is marked with irregular lines of black dots, which appear to be elevations. 

“The articulation itself is prolonged each side for a short distance 
between the laminz of the expanded epidermis, so that the outline of the 
proper fleshy portion is serrate.” ‘The epidermis of the upper surface is 
somewhat corneous and thick. Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the 
second abdominal segment. It exhibits the almost uniform arch above 
and the thin tegument of the ventral surface extending out to form the 
under surface of the pleurites. 

The ead is not retractile, except in the sense that the upper surface 
of the prothorax is permanently prolonged over and beyond it. The head 
is flattened above ; the epicranial suture is short, the clypeo-cranial sutures 
extending well up on the top of the head ; they terminate at the place of 
insertion of the antenne. The suture separating the clypeus from the 
labrum extends from antennz to antenne (Fig. 5, 2). There are six ocelli 
in each group. When mounted as transparent objects, each shows an 
oval outline, with a clear border surrounding a dark, more or less, oval 
center. The resemblance to the reptilian blood corpuscle is very close. 
Five of the ocelli are in a slightly curved line with their longer axes 
nearly parallel ; the sixth is placed at the upper outer angle of the group, 
with its axis at right angles to those of the others. It is also the largest 
one of the group (Fig. 9). There is a little patch of hairs between the 
ocellus and the adjacent suture. : 


194 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








The antennz are as long as the head, and four-jointed ; the first or 
basal joint is short and stout ; the second is cylindrical, or but slightly 
narrowed at the upper end, nearly straight, and as long as the width of 
the labium, or a little more than half the length of the whole antennee ; 
there are a number of long hairs or bristles on the outer side of the distal 
half of this joint; the third is more slender, slightly more than half the 
length of the second (Fig. 5, a) ; the fourth joint is represented by two 
very short articles inserted in the third, so that they resemble a pair of 
minute forceps ; the larger of the two has a cuspidate apex (Fig. 6). 

The /abrum is broad, the anterior margin straight, or slightly rounded, 
the outer corners convex ; the outer third bears a row of rather coarse 
spines, the two extreme ones being much stouter. ‘The labrum extends 
beyond and bends down over the mandibles. Its concave under surface 
is beset with many stiff hairs, some of which extend beyond the margin, 
forming a fringe. In the front, near the middle of this concave surface, 
there are eight protuberances ; four smaller ones in a group ; outside of 
these, two on either side, are situated the remaining larger ones. ‘These 
are tooth-like (Fig. 12, a and 6). Beginning back as far as the middle of 
the mandibles is a corneous strip, which soon divides, the branches extend- 


ing to the outer angles of the labrum (Fig. 12). 


The mandibles are large, brown or black towards the tips. Seen 
from above the outline is triangular; in the younger larva these organs 
are relatively shorter, making the outline more nearly that of an equilateral 
triangle. The basal edge is slightly convex, and bears just beyond the 
middle the ball for the articulation of the organ with the elbowed corneous 
support of the cheeks. (In some examples the ball appears to be situated 
nearer the outer angle than in others). At the inner angle there 1s a pro- 
cess and a chitinous piece, apparently articulated with it, to which the 
tendon of the flexor muscle is attached; the outer angle is somewhat re- 
entrant ; the termination of the extensor muscle appears to be quite similar 
to that of the flexor; the outer edge is nearly straight, bending inwards a 
little towards the apex ; the inner line is straight to near the middle where 
it bends in the blade, becoming spoon shaped ; the biting edge is evenly 
rounded. When the organ lies with the inner face uppermost, it 1s seen 
that in the basal part there are two laminz not united with each other on 
their front and posterior edges; at the lower part of the concave part of 
the blade arise two tufts of hair, the outer one is short and bristle like, 
the other is long, reaching back and nearly across the throat (Fig. 8). 


ee” ae ae ae a 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 195 


The maxi//z are complex ; the stout cardinal piece is chitinous, bear- 
ing on its surface two sharp hooked teeth; the superior part is divided 
into two lobes, the outer one is soft and fleshy, rounded at the apex, 
having its surface beset with long, stiff hairs ; the inner one is concave 
above, and bears at its apex four stout teeth, which have rounded extremi- 
ties and the inner face concave ; along the inner surface of the lobe there 
are several strong pointed curved spines. The maxillary palpi are four- 
jointed ; the basal joint is short and broad ; the remaining articles dimin- 
ish regularly in diameter; the second and third are about the same length, 
equal to twice that of the first ; the third is rounded at the end, and more 
than half the length of the fourth. There are apparently several minute 
tubercles on the rounded surface of the extremity. The same appear on 
the corresponding joint of the labial palpi (Figs. 5 and 10). 

The /abzum extends over the under surface of the jaws nearly to their 
tips ; its texture is membranous ; its surface is densely clothed with hairs; 
the somewhat quadrate mentum is situated between the stout maxilla. On 
its outer sides there are two elevated corneous pieces ; they each have a 
pointed, tooth-like upper extremity. A long hair arises from its outer sur- 
face. A faint suture divides the anterior or palpi bearing part from the 
mentum. ‘This piece is as wide as the distance between the maxille; the 
front edge is bisinuate ; the labial palpi are situated at the posterior outer 
angle of this palpigerous piece. They are three-jointed ; the first and 
second are stout, and the terminal one narrower and bent inwards. These 
organs project a little beyond the anterior edge of the labium (Fig. 11). 

The legs are rather long and muscular. ‘The tarsus ends in one strong 
claw ; there are many stiff hairs over the surface. Above the claw there 
is one long, straight bristle ; just above it, on the inside, there is a little 
tuft of bristles. 

The dvanchia@ are situated on the posterior border of the ventral surface 
of the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal rings—five pairs in 
all.” The stout branchial trunk, a short distance above its origin, bends 
outwards, and bears along its lower surface eleven long filaments, the 
middle ones are longest. ‘These long white organs are seen waving to and 
fro continually while the animal is alive. This motion appears to be due 
to the up and down strokes of the last segment, which repeatedly strikes 
the water as the tail of a cray fish does when swimming. A large tracheal 
tube may be traced, on either side, from the posterior border of the 
eleventh ring forward, over the insertion of the branchiz, connecting with 


196 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





them into the thorax (Figs. 4 and 7). No tuft of branchize thrust out and 


withdrawn at will, as in /e/ichus, could be seen, after watching living 


specimens for hours, and after dissecting many examples. ‘The writer is 
inclined to think it does not exist, and that respiration is wholly accom- 
plished by the ventral branchie. 

t may be interesting to note the different sorts of hairs found upon 
the body and organs. ‘These are, of course, those of the usual pattern 
common to all parts of the body surface. Found on the antennz there 
are long, blade-like hairs, with their edges spined ; they occur elsewhere 
(Fig. 13, a.) A modification of this sort is common on the legs, etc. 
’ They are short, with the spines finger-like (0) ; another variety is long and 
irregularly branched, found upon the labium and palpi (c) ; still another 
form fringes the posterior border of the A/eurztes ; they have a short stalk, 
from the top of which radiate numerous fibres, fan-like (d). The hairs 
of the border fringe are invested in a sheath slightly colored brown. 
Immersion in potassa removes them from their sockets, leaving the edge 
of the segment serrate. 


EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES. 


Fig. 1.—Larva of Psephenus Lecontei, dorsal view, magnified eight 
times ; a, suture ; c, dorsal suture (dotted line should extend further) : d, 
suture base of pleurite ; 4, anus. 

Fig. 2.—Larva of Helichus lithophilus, enlarged eight times ; a, dorsal 
stripe ; c, one of four light spots ; 4, anal tuft of branchiz, protruded or 
withrawn at will. 

Fig. 3.—Leg of Ps. Leconted (enlarged). 

Fig. 4.—Cross section of second abdominal segment (enlarged) ; ¢, ¢, 
pleurites ; 4, 6, branchiz. 

Fig. 5.—Head (enlarged); @, antenne ; 4, maxillary palpus ; ¢c, chitinous 
band on under surface of labrum; @, ocellus. 

Fig. 6.—Tip of antenna, showing forceps-like terminal joint (enlarged). 

Fig. 7.—Branchia. 

Fig. 8.—Mandible (enlarged one hundred times) ; 4, chitinous support, 


the cheek articulating with the mandible; 4, flexor muscle of the jaw ; 


c, ball article ; ¢, tufts of hairs. 

Fig. 9.—Ocelli. 

Fig. 10.—Maxilla; a, palpus; 6, inner lobe; c, outer fleshy lobe; 
d, cardia ; e, pointed papilla. Magnified one hundred times. 


Ne EY Bee 


QUE ee 
ee antsy 


VReOKeR IC 


o 
anh 


27 


65 
fy 
VA 

& 


C 


| DS Keliicott del. 





198 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








Fig. r1.—Labium ; a, palpus ; 4, mentum ; ¢, 

Fig. 12.—Labrum ; a, four small papille; 6, four strong teeth ; 
c, chitinous support. Enlarged one hundred times. 

Fig. 13.—Hairs of different types ; a, from antenne and elsewhere ; 
b, legs, etc. ; c, palpi; @, posterior border of the pleurites. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


FURTHER NOTES ON THE PSYLLIDA. 


If I might judge of the feelings of the readers of the CANADIAN 
ENtTomMoLocist by my own, I should say that they were much obliged to 
Prof. Riley for his note on the Psyllide, and for the accompanying illus- 
tration. Figure 7 of that illustration is, however, imperfect, in that (1) it 
fails to show the feet of the insect—an important consideration as regards 
Westwood’s classification ; (2) it gives the appearance of the dried galls 
on an apparently fresh leaf: the fresh galls are much more pear-shaped 
—in many instances they are nearly globular; (3) the section of the gall 
does not show the hardened inner roof of the cavity or cell. 


I hope Mr. Riley will pardon me if I say that he indulges a tendency 
to be needlessly exact. When I wrote my description (and it proves to 
be the first description published) of the Psylla under our notice, I used 
the indefinite article a. In my subsequent note, when the insect had been 
distinguished by Prof. Riley’s remarks—at any rate, when it was the 
insect under our consideration, I wrote ¢#e. The Professor seems to 
think that the readers of the ENTOMOLOGIST will mistake my meaning. I 
feel sure that they will not. 


With regard to the term Ce/t¢d7s, Endlichter and De Candolle (and 
the latter is undoubtedly a great name amongst Botanists) could scarcely 
have known Latin better than Pliny ; and one cannot help feeling that, as 
regards Ce/tidis, they went—well, to use Mr. Mantalini’s gentle euphe- 
mism, ‘to the Bow-wows” for their Latinity. The nettle-tree, perhaps, 
was useful to the Celtic females, as the fig-tree was to Mother Eve; but 
the tracing of Ce/tzs, gen. Ce/tis, to Ke/tidos, genitive of Ke/fos, is indeed 


~ eae 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 199 





“ Greca obscura, as Linneus puts it.” The foreign authors referred to 
have evidently fallen into error in this matter. 


Let us now see what we have before us concerning the Psylla. Mr. 
Fletcher, in his interesting paper on the Homoptera, in the Society’s last 
report, gives us Prof. Riley’s notice of the Flea-lice of the Nettle-tree ‘in 
full.” That notice is a mere allusion, a reference to a gall, not a proper 
description of the insect, as Prof. Riley assures us. The Professor tells 
us also that P. venusta has not been properly described. Osten Sacken’s 
account, supplied to me by a friend, is this: ‘I raised out of the gall a 
beautiful large Psylla—Ps. venusta n. sp.—with the wings variated with 
black. The peculiar shape of the apex of the metasternum and the 
venation of the wings will, perhaps, necessitate to make a new genus for 
this species.” Mr. Fletcher has shown that the tree, Ce/tzs occidentalis, is 
rare in Lower Canada. When, then, I met with this rare tree, and found 
the undescribed Psylla upon it, I felt justified in sending a description of 
the insect to the ENromo.ocist. But, really, the tone of Prof. Riley’s 
remarks gives rise, within me, to an uneasy feeling that, somehow, I have 
been trespassing on the Professor’s private preserve of Pachypsyllids. I 
can only offer as my excuse that, as Entomologists, we want information. 
What information have we concerning the Psylla we are considering, 
apart from my own description, and Mr. Fletcher’s admirable account 
published subsequently 2? What, beside the illustrations, has Prof. Riley 
added to our stock? He tells us that he called an insect, already named 
P. venusta, “LP. celtidis-grandis” ; that this insect is very large (Osten 
Sacken had toid us it was large); that there are differences, as regards 
position and size, between the gall it produces and that produced by P, 
celtidis-mamma,; that P. celtidis-mamma so closely resembles another 
species, however, that ‘without the galls, it would be difficult, if not 
impossible, to separate them—a not uncommon occurrence among gall- 
producing species.” 

Now, an accidental puncture, by the mother Psylla, of the leaf-stalk, 
through which the nourishment of the leaf flows, would naturally produce 
a larger excrescence than a puncture of a vein; and a larger supply of 
food would as naturally produce a larger insect. We know, to our:sorrow 
and perplexity, that the rage for re-classification, and for raising varieties 
into species, is becoming a vice on this side the Atlantic. And we really 
have nothing before us to show that the P. venusta of Osten Sacken, and 


200 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





the P. ce/tidis-mamma of Riley, are not one and the same insect—the 
Peppered Flea-louse of my own description. They may be very distinct 
species, but Prof. Riley has not yet made it clear that they are. 

TuHos. W. FYLEs. 


Dear Siv,—I write to you in reference to Sphyracephala brevicornis, 
Say; the only representative of the family Dzopide and the genus 
Sphyracephala in the United States. This curious and seemingly rare 
Dipteron was taken by me on the 18th of August last; on that occasion I 
took three specimens in about five minutes, but had to leave the place as 
quickly as possible on account of an approaching storm ; but, however, I 
visited the same place two weeks later and succeeded in taking about a 
dozen specimens in about half an hour. The specimens were taken in 
Fairmount Park, near the same locality where Say first took his specimens. 
Although I have been seeking this insect for two seasons, this was the first 
time I ever saw it; its small size is very apt to make it escape the notice 
of any general collector. My specimens were caught on some plants 
growing near a small brook. ‘They seem to be very local indeed, for I 
have hunted in similar situations over the Park and in the county, but 
have never seen any except in that one particular spot. Ochthera mantis 
DeG. is also taken in damp situations, but this fly is quite common and 
can be taken nearly all the summer, for, comparing my notes, I took it on 
May 7, June 17, during July, August 5 and 12. Hoping my observations 
may be of some avail to collectors in hunting it, I remain, 

Philadelphia, Oct. 8, 1883. EUGENE L. KEEN. 





EGGS OF NEMATUS VENTRICOSUS. 


NVematus ventricosus was seen to deposit thirty eggs, June 7, upon a single 
currant leaf within one hour. In the act of ovipositing, it curved the tip 
of its abdomen downward and forward, directing its ovipositor toward its 
head, in which position the end of the egg is seen to protrude and attach 
itself to the leaf-nervure, when the ovipositor is withdrawn, and the egg 
left in position. Moving backward a very little, another egg is similarly 
deposited, and in like manner the operation is continued, until the leaf 
has its assigned quota, or the supply of eggs is.exhausted. The eggs 
produced their larvee on June 14th.—Psyche, May-June, 188}. 


(No. 9, vol. 15, issued November 5, 1883.) 


Che Canadun Entomologist. 











VOL. XV: LONDON, ONT., NOVEMBER, 1883. No. 11 





ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF ONTARIO. 


The annual meeting of the Society was held at London, in the Society’s 
Rooms, Victoria Hall, on Wednesday, October 3rd, 1883, at 7:30 
o’clock p. m. 

The President, Mr. William Saunders, of London, Ont., in the chair. 

Present—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope ; Rev. T. W. Fyles, 
Levis, P. Q.; James Fletcher, Ottawa; R. A. Hanham, Paris; W. H. 
Harrington, Ottawa; J. M.-Denton, London; B. Gott, Arkona; A. Pud- 
dicombe, London ; F. C. Lowe, Dunnville; H. P. Bock, London; W. E. 
Saunders, London; J. Magnus Johnston, London ; the Sec.-Treas., E. 
Baynes Reed, and others. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were confirmed, the reading 
being dispensed with, as they had already been printed and sent to the 
members. 

The President addressed a few words of welcome to the members, 
expressing the pleasure which the London brethren felt at meeting their 
fellow workers from the various parts of the Province. 

The report of the Council and the financial statement of the Sec’y- 
Treasurer for the past year were then read, and on motion duly received, 
discussed and adopted. 

The report of the Montreal Branch was next submitted and adopted. 

The President then read his annual address, for which he was unani- 
mously awarded a vote of thanks, and requested to publish it in the 
CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 

Mr. James Fletcher, of Ottawa, then presented the report of the: Ento- 
mological Society of Ontario to the Royal Society of Canada, which was 
received and adopted, after which Mr. Fletcher was unanimously re-elected 
the representative from the Entomological Society to the Royal Society 
for the coming year. 


202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 


The election of officers then took place, when the following gentlemen 
were duly elected :-— 

President, Wm. Saunders, London. 

Vice-President, James Fletcher, Ottawa. 

Secretary-Treasurer and Librarian, E. Baynes Reed, London. 

Council—Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., Port Hope; Rev. T. W. 
Fyles, Levis, P. Q.; W. H. Harrington, Ottawa; John M. Denton, Lon- 
don; J. Alston Moffat, Hamilton. 

Editor CanapIAN EnTomoLocist, Wm. Saunders. i 

Editing Committee—Rey. C. J. S. Bethune, J. M. Denton, E. Baynes 
Reed. 

Auditors—H. P. Bock and W. E. Saunders, London. 


REVISION OF THE SOCIETY’S PRINTED LISTS OF INSECTS. 


On the motion of Rey. C. J. S. Bethune, duly carried, it was resolved 
that the Society should, as soon as possible, publish a Revised List of the 
Canadian Diurnals, adopting as a basis the list and classification of Mr. 
W. H. Edwards, of West Virginia ; and that the Society should also pub- 
lish additional lists of such moths as have been found to be Canadian, and 
are not contained in the Society’s existing lists. 

In view of the desirability of the publication. of the descriptions of 
hitherto undescribed larvze, and with a view to aid therein, the President, 
Vice-President, Rev. C. J. S. Bethune and W. H. Harrington were 
appointed a committee to prepare blank forms for the use of members in 
describing larvee: the Society being of the opinion that following the 
practice of Westwood and Stainton, the body should be considered as 
consisting of thirteen segments, the head being the first. 


The Rev. T. W. Fyles then read an interesting paper on “ Observa- 
tions on Form and Color as Exhibited in Insect Life.” 


A. AL BASS. 


The President submitted a report of the proceedings of the Entomo- 
logical Club of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 
held at Minneapolis in August last, which he attended as the representa- 
tive of the Entomological Society of Ontario. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 203 





DISCUSSION ON MISCELLANEOUS ENTOMOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. 


Mr. Fletcher exhibited a borer found by him injuring maple, the insect 
being a small moth belonging to Aepza/us, or some closely allied genus. 
This insect was new to the members. 


Rev. Mr. Bethune stated that he had found, in a large burrow in an 
oak tree, the empty pupa case of a species of Cossus. 

Mr. Harrington had also found this insect quite common in the oak, 
and had frequently seen the empty pupa cases protruding from the bark. 


Mr. Fletcher reported that he had found Cossuws centerensis common 
about Ottawa on the Balm of Gilead tree, Populus balsamifera. The 
pupa is usually extruded from the bark about 4 o’clock in the afternoon. 
He had frequently seen them at this time of day working gradually out. 
The imago generally escapes within an hour after the appearance of the 
pupa. He also reported finding Buprestis fasciata common on poplars, 
and had found a larva in poplar wood which he thought, from its appear- 
ance, might belong to that species. 

Mr. Harrington said he had lately found the larva of a very small fly, 
Cecidomyia robinie, on locust trees about Ottawa. These larve turn 
down the margins of the leaves, anid live within the enclosure thus formed. 

Mr. Fletcher had found the stems of sunflowers much bored into by 
some insect, and exhibited a larva which he had taken boring into the 
stem of a lily, Zz/zum Canadense. 

Mr. Reed exhibited a larva which he had taken recently feeding on 
oak. It evidently was a species of Syerinthus, but did not seem to cor- 
respond to any hitherto described larva of this genus to which he had 
been able to refer. 

Mr. Saunders made some reference to the manner in which the eggs 
of the round-headed apple-tree borer, Saperda candida, are placed. He 
had, until lately, held the opinion, in common with other Entomologists, 
that the eggs are laid on the surface of the bark of apple trees near their 
base, but he had recently received from a correspondent, Mr. C. G. Atkins, 
of Manchester, Maine, specimens of the eggs deposited in young apple 
trees, with pieces of the bark in which they had been placed, from which 
it was quite evident that the beetle bores into the bark and deposits her 
eggs in the channel thus formed. 

Mr. Fletcher said he had raised a brood of the larve of Smerinthus 
execatus, and found them to feed readily on Populus balsamifera, and also 


204 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





on Populus alba, the latter known as the Silver Abele tree; the larve varied : 
very much in coloration. Hitherto this insect has been supposed to feed 
only on apple, plum, and wild cherry. 

Mr. Saunders stated that he had found the larvee of Papilio turnus this 
season on a new food plant, JZagnolia accuminata. As many as forty or 
fifty specimens were found on a single tree ; they varied in size from the 
newly hatched to the full grown larva, all feeding together ; eggs were also 
found at the same time and place. 

Mr. Fletcher reported finding the larva of Darapsa versicolor feeding 
on swamp loosestrife, Veswa verticillata. He had bred a single specimen 
two years in succession. It is curious to note that this plant grows in the 
water, and being herbaceous, decays and becomes submerged during the 
autumn and winter months. In these instances there was no favorable 
pupating place nearer than the shore, so that the larva would have to swim 
ashore, unless it formed its cocoon among the leaves and these drifted to 
land. : 

Mr. Reed exhibited and reported the larvz of /Votodonta albifrons, 
Sm. and Abb., as common in London on the maple ; he had also observed 
them recently on the elms in Toronto and Montreal. Other members had 
found them generally common this season on the oak. 

Mr. Saunders had found the larvee of Papilio cresphontes on the wafer 
ash, Prelea trifoliata ; also on the prickly ash, Zanthoxylum Americanum. 
At this late period of the year (September) the larvae may be found quite 
small. Query.—Do these perish from early frost? If not, how do they 
pass the winter ? 

The meeting then adjourned, to meet next morning at 9.30 a. m. 


Thursday Morning, October 4. 

The meeting opened at the Society’s rooms at 9.30. 

The question of the use of Paris green for the codling worm of the 
apple, Carpocapsa pomonella, was discussed, and while the members con- 
curred in the desirability of testing this remedy very fully, they recom- 
mended that due caution should be used in preparing the mixture, not to 
make it too strong, one teaspoonful of the poison to a pailful of water 
being sufficient ; if used much stronger than this it is apt to injure the 
foliage. 

An interesting communication was read from Mr. J. Alston Moffat, of 
Hamilton, on the pupa of Calopteron reticulatum. He has found speci- 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 


mens under the bark of an elm stump, curiously arranged in regular rows ; 
Mr. Harrington had also observed the same species, and remarked that 
Drs. Leconte and Horn, in their new Classification of Coleoptera, 
referred to these curious groups of pupe. 

Mr. Fletcher had found Wamestra picta very abundant at Ottawa on 
cabbage, carrots, and many wild plants. 

Mr. Harrington remarked that Zycomorpha pholus had been very 
common in the vicinity of Ottawa this season; he had seen hundreds of 
them ; had also found Gdipoda corallina, Harris, quite common in oat 
fields. 

Rev. Mr. Fyles reported the currant worm, Vematus ventricosus, as 
being very abundant at Levis, P. Q., where the bushes had been almost 
destroyed by them. He also stated that much injury had been caused to 
the tamarack trees, Zavix Americana, in Bury and the neighboring town- 
ships, by a species of Saw fly, probably Mematus Erichsonii, the insect 
which has caused so much injury to this tree in Maine and other Eastern 
States. 

Mr. Harrington informed the members he had found Xyphidria albt- 
cornis boring on maples, chiefly on young trees where the bark was thin. 
He had observed them ovipositing from the middle of June to the end of 
July. The ovipositor is short. He found in one instance a tree thoroughly 
riddled by the borers, they having penetrated directly into the wood. 

The members having spent some time in examining interesting insects 
in the Society’s collection, as well as those brought to the meeting ; and 
also having availed themselves of the opportunity of reference to many of 
the valuable books in the Society’s library, brought to a close a most 
interesting and profitable session. 


ON THE VARIATION OF THE ELYTRAL MARKINGS IN 
CICINDELA SEX-GUTTATA. 


BY C. H. T. TOWNSEND, CONSTANTINE, MICH. 
In this species of the genus Cvcnde/a there are several very marked 


varieties, differing in the number, size and manner of disposing of the 
markings on the elytra ; while other less marked, yet distinct forms, com- 


206 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ing between the more marked ones, constantly occur. Being struck with 
the considerable differences between the specimens I have collected of 
this species, it occurred to me that my observations on the subject might 
be of interest to some others; and with that view I give them. In 
speaking of the spots the following nomenclature will be adopted in this 
article :— 


Hap t 1—Anterior; 2—intermediate ; 3—posterior ; 4—fourth ; 5—basal ; 
{oe 6 6—antero-basal. 


ites - In reference to those of either elytron, they may be further desig- 
eae nated as right or left. 





The typical variety (1) is, of course, the one having three of the 
beautiful creamy dots on the outer margin toward the end of each elytron ; 
or, the anterior, intermediate, and posterior spots. Where not otherwise 
stated, all the varieties will be understood to have these three typical spots. 
Others (2) have the rudiment of a fourth spot, which I have so called, near 
the inside-margin ; being what is in va/garis the prolongation inward of 
the anterior spot in sex-guwttata. A variety (3) just in advance of this is 
one having the fourth spot as well developed as the others. The one (4) 
next in order has the anterior spot connected with the fourth by an almost 
imperceptible thread ; but with no extra markings on the elytra. 


We come now to the forms in which the extra markings, not so fre- 
quently met with, occur. The first of these forms (5), in addition to the 
fourth spot, has the rudiment of the antero-basal. The next (6) has, 
beside the fourth, instead of the rudimentary antero-basal, the rudiment of 
the basal spot. ‘The other (7) is an amalgamation of the two, having, as 
well as the fourth spot, the rudiments of not only the basal, but also the 
antero-basal, thus being really twelve-spotted—twice the number indicated 
by its name! ‘Then the final (8), and.one departing most widely from the 
typical variety, is distinguished by having the anterior and fourth spots 
united by a wide line into one, as in vu/gards, forming the irregular, band- 
like marking, and of nearly the same pattern, with which that species. is 
ornamented., And further it is distinguished by having also the basal and 
the antero-basal spots well developed, but not connected; these corre- 
sponding to the curved band of vu/garis, in the same position. Although 
the markings are here much more developed than in the preceding, still, 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, 207 





on account of the connection of the anterior and fourth spots, resulting 
from this very development, the present variety can only be said to have 
ten spots instead of twelve. Another variety of which, not having met 
with it, I have not before spoken, is recorded by Mr. W. H. Harrington in 
a previous number of this periodical (Can. Env. xiv., 8). It is one 
“having only two spots (the anterior one on each elytron).” This must 
certainly be an interesting and widely deviating form. 


As might be supposed, there are many gradations between these varie- 
ties, undoubtedly the result of promiscuous unions. In some the fourth 
spot, in others the connecting line, and in others still the basal and antero- 
basal spots are so decidedly defective that the varieties can not be deter- 
mined by merely observing the outside of the elytra. In all such cases 
the difficulty can be easily overcome by opening the elytra and holding 
the insect up to the light, the under side toward you, when it will instantly 
be apparent what parts are not green on the outside, and the merest mark- 
ing of a lighter color be detected with certainty. The two elytra are 
almost always alike in this respect, though sometimes one will have a 
faint, broken trace of a thread, while the other has none. We may notice 
that the spots in sex-guttata are arranged after nearly the same pattern as 
in vulgaris ; and that where in the latter a marking becomes slight and 
very narrowed, it is often entirely erased in the former, the tendency of the 
markings in sex-guttata being to become more rounded and not lengthened 
out. Thus the curved marking at the extremity of the elytron in valgarzs 
becomes two in this species, as is likewise the case with the curved basal 
marking. 


The appended table shows the relative number of individuals of each 
variety out of 49 specimens taken this summer. It will be noticed that 
the greater number belong to the second variety, the one with the rudi- 
mental fourth spot. Of the eighth variety I have met with none this year, 
but have taken several within a few years past. As the season is too 
far advanced now for taking the species, further observations on this 
interesting relation in number between the varieties must be deferred until 
next summer. Were it not for this, I should have endeavored to make 
these observations more exact by examining a much larger number of 
specimens before publishing the present article. However, this may serve 
the purpose of a foundation for further investigations on the subject. 


208 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE OCCURRENCE OF THE VARIETIES OF 
C. SEX-GUTTATA. 
























































Date of No. No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of | No. of 
Capture. | Taken. |] rst var. |2nd var.|3rd var.|4th var.|5th var.|6th var.|7th var.|Sth var. 
| 
July xz 19 2 II 2 I 2 I 
July 13 26 4 Tie} 3 I I 4 2 
August 6 3 I 2 
August 23 i | | I 
Summary. 49 6 23 5 I 9 a 
Gu UN ates] ae ke 
(fo) 5 oe hao} . og ° n 
O° One aes} 2 2 n 
5 am | @e |-682 | "28 | ea oo ieee 
= ec Ag Ss Hy rH 2 fol a £° 2S 
2 Et eee | BS } es et aes 
BUS 8 |e ee oS Ey) See came 
pcs) leer ut Ot ed lee 














AN EXTRAORDINARY HABITATION FOR A MOTH. 


BY FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


Among a number of cocoons of the family of Bombycidz collected 
on Long Island this autumn, I have one of P. cecropia of light weight. 
As the examination of this cocoon revealed conditions unknown to me, I 
have thought it desirable to make a record for your invaluable journal. 
The absence of the loose silk 6f a reddish hue which characterizes the 
appearance of the new made cocoon, indicated that it was a manufacture 
of the previous year. On opening it I found within a cocoon of O. mac- 
rurum, the parasite that commonly attacks the Polyphemus caterpillar. 
The parasite had emerged from its cocoon, as evidenced by the usual lid 
opening at one end, and had escaped into the outer air through the open 
passage that exists in the cocoon of the moth. Within the cocoon of the 
parasite I found a silken cocoon occupying the entire area and protruding 
somewhat through the opening made by the former occupant. Within it 
were the unrecognizable remains of a Lepidopterous larva, largely con- 
sumed by what I believe to be the parasitic Diptera of the genus Tachina. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 209 





DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN 
BUTTERFLIES. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


ARGYNNIS Lais. 

Male.—Expands 2 inches. 

Upper side uniform bright red fulvous,’ shghtly brown about bases of 
wings ; the black markings all delicate ; both wings bordered by a double 
line. 

Under side of primaries pale cinnamon-red, buff in upper outer part 
of cell and from costa to first median nervule ; a brown patch at apex 
and another before apex, on which are two silver spots ; the upper sub- 
marginal spots silvered. Secondaries have the area from base to outside 
second row of spots yellow, mottled with dark brown; the belt beyond 
same spots clear yellow, the margin dark brown ; all the spots well sil- 
vered, rather small, those of the discal and second rows slightly edged on 
upper side by black. 


Female.—Expands 2.2 inch. 

Upper side dull fulvous, the bases much obscured ; the hind margins 
bordered by heavy lines, which are confluent on apical half of primaries ; 
all the markings heavier than in the male. Under side of primaries cin- 
namon-red, the apical area yellow-buff, quite to hind margin, to the exclu- 
sion of the brown patches ; the silver spots reduced. Secondaries yellow- 
buff less mottled brown, the marginal border nearly same buff, very 
little obscured ; the spots of both rows bordering on the belt without dark 
edging, so the belt is unusually wide. 

From several examples, male and female, taken at Red Deer River, by 


Captain Gamble Geddes. 


This species is size of A¢/antis and would stand between that and 
Aphrodite. 


MELIT#A CHARA. 

Male.—Expands 1.15 inch. 

Shape of J. Perse, and belongs to same group. Upper side yellow- 
fulvous, reticulated with black, as in Perse; the hind margins and apical 
area of primaries black ; the fulvous extra-discal band on same wing yel- 
low-white next costal margin ; fringes black, white at the tips of the ner- 
yules, of secondaries with a few black hairs only at the tips of the nervules, 


210 JHE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


Under side of primaries shows the black markings repeated ; costal 
edge white ; along hind margin a narrow dull orange belt, before which is 
a series of white crescents ; secondaries have the marginal belt dull black, 
next the white crescents, then a series of dull orange quadrangular spots on 
black ground ; across the disk a white band cut by a black line a little 
within its posterior edge ; beyond, orange heavily edged with black ; a 
white spot in cell on median nervure ; a white band across the wing near 
base ; at base orange, the shoulder white. 

Female.— Expands 1.4 inch. 

Less black than the male, the fulvous more red ; under side as in the 
male. 

This species may be distinguished from /erse by the color and mark- 
ings of outer half of secondaries beneath ; Perse has the margin buff or 
orange-ochraceous, the second row of spots rounded or crescent. Taken 
by Mr. Morrison in South Arizona and said to be common. 


CHRYSOPHANUS FLORUS. 
Male.—Expands 1.3 inch. 


Upper side brown with a purple reflection ; the hind margins broadly 
bordered black, especially on secondaries, the border almost reaching the 
discal row of spots ; this row is common to both wings, zigzag; a bar on 
the arc of each cell; primaries have two spots in cell and one below; 
secondaries have a spot in cell, concealed by the long hairs which cover 
the basal area ; at anal angle a small fulvous patch ; fringes cinereous. 


Under side of primaries yellow-brown, the apex light brown; the 
black spots repeated, enlarged, and in addition, an imperfect row corre- 
sponding in position to the inner edge of the black border of upper side. 
Secondaries light brown, the spots repeated in dots and minute marks ; a 
submarginal series of red serrations from inner angle to middle of wing. 


Female.—Expands 1.35 inch. 

Upper side dark brown, a little mottled with obscure yellow on disk 
of primaries at end of cell, and outside the black spots in median inter- 
spaces only ; the fulvous anal patch as in male, and an indistinct fulvous 
crescent in the next interspace. Under side as in male. 

This species in male resembles He//ozdes f, but the latter has much 
fulvous on hind margin of secondaries, and to both margins a narrow 
black border, whereas in //orus the borders are remarkably wide. The 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 211 





female on upper side resembles not Hed/ozdes, but 2 Sirius. But on 
under side both sexes in color and markings are near He/loides. 
Taken on Red Deer River, B.. Am., by Captain Geddes. 


LYCAENA AFRA. 

Male.—Expands .g inch. 

Upper side deep blue, the hind margins with fuscous borders, which 
on primaries are very broad ; on each wing a black discal streak ; fringes 
cinereous. 

Under side drab ; a common mesial row of minute rounded black 
spots, each edged white ; on secondaries a spot on costa near base ; the 
discal streaks repeated, slight, with white edging. 

This species was taken by Captain Geddes in the Deer River country. 
It belongs to the Anz¢zacis group, and is the smallest member of it. Has 
wide black borders avd a discal mark on each wing, on upper side, which 
is not found in other members of this group. The arrangement of the 
spots as in Lygdamus. 


EupaMmus DRusius. 

Male.—Expands 1.7 inch. 

Upper side glossy dark brown, with eight minute semi-transparent 
spots on primaries ; four of them sub-apical on costal margin, three in 
discoidal and median interspaces, one at right angles to the lowest of the 
three, in submedian interspace towards hind margin, one in cell; fringes 
of primaries fuscous, at inner angle cinereous ; of secondaries white, cin- 
ereous at outer angle. 

Under side dark brown, the hind margins lightly dusted with whitish 
scales ; the spots on primaries repeated, a little enlarged ; secondaries 
crossed by two obscure bands, with black outlines. Body above dark 
brown, beneath dark gray-brown; legs gray brown; palpi either dark 
gray, or with so many brown hairs as to nearly conceal the whitish ones ; 
antenne black above, beneath finely annulated with luteous ; club black 
above, luteous below. 

Female.—Expands 1.7 inch. Similar to the male. 

This species is near M/oschus Edw. Has the spots fewer in number, 
smaller, and differently disposed ; beneath is darker, and the bands on 
secondaries are indistinct ; abdomen below without ventral line ; legs and 
palpi different color, the latter in AZoschus yellowish. 

Taken in So. Arizona, by Mr. Morrison in 1883. 


212 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


ITAALS: OF INSECTS. 





BY R. V. ROGERS., KINGSTON, ONT. 


We do not intend in this article to allude to the troubles that the 
members of the insect world endure in their ordinary every day life,—to 
their difficulties in getting out of their old clothes when nature bids them 
change their dress ; nor to the nsks they run from countless enemies, 
many-legged, four-legged, two-legged and no-legged,—nor yet to the 
labors some have tosustain in laying up their bread for a rainy season. 
Nor is our title intended as the text on which to found a disquisition 
on the sufferings that the gewws Aomo has had to endure (not at the hands, 
but at the mouths and tails of the imsect hosts) ever since that sad day 
when old Noah, at the advice of Archangel Gabriel (who ought to have 
known better) broke his word to the serpent. All of course know the 
legend, yet as Lord Macaulay often did for his erudite school-boy, so will 
we do, and repeat and give the story of the origin of all venomous anthro- 
pophagus insects. We have it from the veracious Turk, so none but a 
Russophile or an anti-Jingoist will doubt it, and entomologists know 
neither country nor politics (whatever else they may know). 

Ages agone, when the mghteous Noah was safely floating over the 
troubled waters of the angry flood in his ‘allotted ocean-tent,” the ark 
drifting before the gale struck a rock and sprang a leak. In vain Noah 
toiled to repair the damage done and thus avoid what seemed to be the 
fate of all of Adam’s line. At last, the old Serpent, who after having 
caused the destruction of the world had carefully ensconced himself in 
the ark, came to him and promised to help him out of his mishap if he 
would undertake to supply him with human flesh for his daily food when 
the waters should abate. ‘lhe patriarch, urged by dire necessity and fear, 
made the promise, and the Serpent coiling himself up in the hole stopped 
the leak. When at length the ark rested on dry land once again and all 
were going out of the dark ship into the pleasant sunshine, the snake, 
wearied and worn, crawled out of the hole and demanded a fulfilment of 
the promise. The antediluvian, however, following Gabriel’s advice, 
refused to fulfil his pledge, and seizing his benefactor, burnt him in the 
flames on his altar and scattered his ashes to the winds. But heaven, 
unwilling that the Serpent should thus be deprived of his promised 


eS ee 


bg 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 213 





reward, immediately caused to arise from these ashes flies, fleas, lice, bugs 
and all such vermin as feed upon the flesh of living man. 

Our article, however, is to be a legal one, and the trials to which we 
will allude herein will be only those in which insects have figured as prin- 
cipals in courts of justice. Some may imagine that the well known maxim 
of law, ‘‘ De minimis non curat lex,” would exclude these small fry from 
Dame Justice’s consideration ; but judges and jurisconsults have, in days 
gone by, paid considerable attention to the insects when their actions have 
been particularly obnoxious to humanity. 

The delvers into antiquarian lore have brought to light nearly one 
hundred instances in which noxious animals were arraigned and tried for 
their misdeeds. The records extend from A. D. rr20 to A. D. 1741, 
beginning with caterpillars and ending with a cow. Some counsel learned 
in the law was always assigned to defend the accused. When in the 
Swiss diocese of Constance, grubs and Spanish flies were cited before a 
magistrate, he (as Felix Hemmerlin, of Zurich, tells us), taking into con- 
sideration their youth and diminutive size, appointed an advocate to 
defend them. 

In 1545 a species of beetle infested the vineyards of St. Julien, near 
St. Julien de Maurienne ; legal proceedings were begun against them. A 
lawyer appeared on behalf of the inhabitants, and another was appointed 
to answer for and defend the little coleopterans. But, as is often the way 
with criminals, these defendants were not ready for their trial, and so, 
having not been bound over to appear, they all suddenly left the country ; 
all proceedings consequently dropped. In 1557 the beetles re-appeared, 
and did much damage. Again the aid of justice was invoked, her arm 
uplifted, and the wheels of the law set in motion. Domestic animals, 
when they sinned against man, were tried in the ordinary criminal courts, 
and their punishment, on conviction, was death ; but wild animals who 
offended seem to have been within the special jurisdiction of Mother 
Church and tried in the ecclesiastical courts, the thunderbolt of the 
anathema being the judgment usually used against these dumb creatures. 
Said the learned canonists, ‘‘ As God cursed the serpent, David the moun- 
tains of Gilboa, and our Saviour the barren fig-tree, so, in like manner, the 
Church has full power to exorcise, anathematise and excommunicate all 
creatures, animate and inanimate.” Well, in this case, the Vicar-General 
of the Diocese appointed a judge to try the beetles and named a lawyer 
to defend them; for it was held that they should be treated with the 


214 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








greatest clemency that justice would allow, the lower animals being the 
elder-born and first heirs of the earth and blessed of God, who gave them 
every green herb for meat. Judge and counsel being named legal dis- 
cussions followed, and at last it was decided that the inhabitants should 
provide a piece of land outside the vineyards of the parish for the beetles, 
sufficient in quantity and quality for their use. ‘This was done ; a fortnight 
later the counsel for the prosecution moved the Court for an order, that in 
default of the accused accepting the land offered they should be prevented 
meddling with the vineyards, under certain penalties. The advocate for 
the coleopterans asked time to consider, and the case coming on again 
after two months, he declared that he could not, on behalf of his clients, 
accept the land offered, as it was barren and produced nothing suitable 
for their food and sustenance. Issue was joined on this point, and arbi- 
trators appointed, and then -——-. Here, unfortunately, the report stops, 
and we know not what was the result. We are not informed who paid for 
the defence of these beetles, but we are told that such legal processes could 
never be begun until all arrears of tithes were paid to the Church. 

In 1690 legal proceedings were taken against some caterpillars, who, 
in the way of business, were laying waste the cultivated parts of the little 
town of Pont-du-Chateau, in Auvergne. The Vicar excommunicated them 
and the Judge of the district laid an interdict upon them, and solemnly 
relegated them to an uncultivated spot which was duly designated. 

A lawyer of France, in writing on the important subject of tnals of 
animals, speaks (with that accuracy and truthfulness for which the mem- 
bers of that profession are noted) of locusts, in India, no less than three 
feet long, with legs armed with teeth so powerful that saws were made 
of them. 

In 1120 some other naughty caterpillars were tried at Laon; the next 
year flies came before the Court at Forgny. In the fourteenth century 
Spanish flies were tried at Mayence ; and in 1479 cockchafers at Lausanne, 
By the way, the ¢cclesiastial court was rather sharp on these poor chafers. 
After three religious processions had gone the rounds, the insects were 
cited to appear in the Bishop’s court ; for counsel they had assigned to 
them one Perrodet, who had been dead six months. In consequence of 
his absence in the Spirit-world, the advocate did not appear in court 
when the case was called on, and as the chafers did not appear personally, 
judgment was given against them by default. ‘They were excommunicated 
in the name of the Holy Trinity and the Blessed Virgin, and they and 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 215 





their descendants were ordered to quit forever the Diocese of Lausanne. 

We presume that in this case some of the chafers were brought into 
Court to hear the sentence. That step was taken some years previously 
in the same town, when judgment was given on non-appearance against 
some leeches, and a number of them were brougbt into court to hear the 
sentence that they were to leave the district in three days. By the way, 
the leeches proved contumaceous and did not leave, whereupon they 
were exorcised ; that process had the effect of a capital punishment, for 
they at once began to die off, and so went on day by day until they were 
utterly exterminated. 


Weevils were prosecuted at Beaume in 1488, at Macon in 1501, at 
Cotentin in 1504, and at Troyes in 1576; these poor coleopterous long- 
noses seem to have been especially obnoxious to the Church. Caterpillars 
were tried at Cotentin in 1585, and at Auvergne in 1690. Locusts were 
frequently sat upon by the Judges. And as late as the eighteenth century 
ants were proceeded against in Brazil. These little black busybodies had 
so undermined a monastery of St. Anthony that it was in danger of falling 
about the ears of the monks ; they also worked so indefatigably by night 
and by day at stealing the grain of the friars, that these holy men were like 
to starve. The lawyer for the insects on this occasion was no dweller in 
the Spirit-world, but a shrewd and learned servant of Justice.” He argued 
that as his clients had received from the Creator the gift of life they had 
a right to preserve it as best they could ; that they set an example to men 
in the practice of many virtues; prudence, in storing food for future use ; 
diligence, in gathering corn (and here he quoted St. Jerome) ; charity, in 
aiding one another with heavy burdens ; and religion and piety, in burying 
their dead. While admitting that the friars were more noble and more 
worthy, this bold advocate alleged that before God they were only like 
ants ; that the advantage of reason scarcely compensated for their sin in 
breaking the laws of nature and of reason ; that their crime in offending 
against God was greater than the ants’ in taking their flour. That the 
ants had prior possession, and that if expelled they would appeal to the 
tribunal of their Divine Creator, who made the smallest as well as the 
greatest and had assigned to every one his guardian angel ; and in con- 
clusion, he asserted that the defendants would continue their mode of 
being, as the earth and all it contained belonged to God, and not to the 
monks. After a careful perusal of the evidence and consideration of the 
arguments, the Judge ordered the monks to select a field in the neighbor- 


s 


216 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





hood where the ants might live peaceably, and that they should remove 
thither at once under pain of excommunication. The sentence was read 
in a loud voice at the mouth of the ant-hills, when, m7radz/e dictu, immedi- 
ately millions of ants came out, forming themselves into long and dense 
columns, and proceeded at once to the field assigned them abandoning 
their former dwellings. So saith the Rev. Father Mancel Bernardes, in 
his “‘ Nova Floresta ;’ and he saw the records of the pleadings and pro- 
ceedings himself. 

The tribunals were generally very loath to proceed to extremities and 
exorcise these little sinners. This was due partly to the milk of human 
kindness that flowed beneath the towered heads of the priestly judges ; 
and partly because it was noticed that, upon some occasions, after having 
been anathematised, the noxious animals, instead of “ withering off the face 
of the earth” (as they were expected to do and ought to have done), 
actually increased and multiplied, and became more destructive than 
before. ‘This terrible obstinacy and depravity was deemed due to the 
malevolent hatred of Satan, who is, at certain times and periods, permitted 
to annoy and torment the sons of men. 

Sometimes the opponents of the poor insects took an unfair advantage 
of them, and would not give them a chance of making themselves heard 
in Court. St. Bernard was preaching one day, when a number of flies 
entered the church, and disturbed the auditors by their buzzing. The 
saint excommunicated them, and the next day all the flies were found 
dead, covering the pavement with their bodies. 





CORRESPONDENCE. 


Caprures.—Dear Siv,—It may be a matter of interest to record the 
abundance of large silk worms this season in the neighborhood of London, 
Ont. Since the fall of the leaves the cocoons have easily been detected, 
and my friend, Mr. B. Bayly, and I have made the following captures 
with very little trouble, and in a very circumscribed district: Telea 
Polyphemus, 44; Attacus Cecropia, 51 ; Hyperchiria Io., 20. 


LAWRENCE BAYNES REED. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 217 





FORMICA SANGUINE:.—Latr. 
BY: FREDERICK CLARKSON, NEW YORK CITY. 


In a piece of uncultivated land, bordering a wood in proximity to 
Oak Hill, Columbia Co., New York, there are two large nests of these 
ants. They are in size about 4 x 2 feet, and during the eight summers of 
my residence at this place they have not outwardly increased much in 
size. The gardene: has observed them for thirty-five years, and it is not 
improbable that they have existed for a half a century or more. I hada 
longing desire to open them and explore their deep caverns and winding 
galleries, but the gardener regarded such action as an ill-omen to the 
place, and an infringement upon the rights of communities that. he had 
long protected and cared for. On one occasion I captured a dozen 
workers from one of these nests and carried them away about a thousand 
feet. I then threw them out of the glass jar in which I had captured 
them upon a carriage way, and, standing the jar down, watched to see 
what course they might take to the nest. ‘To my astonishment every 
individual, after much wandering, entered the jar. I repeated the experi- 
ment; several re-entered the jar, the others travelled away in different 
directions and became lost in the grass bordering the road. The ants are 
social and live in communities, and I take it that they returned to the 
jar as being the last place in which they were in company. 





ET EO, | ETS EE 
DEATH OF DR. JOHN L LECONTE. 


It is with feelings of the deepest regret that we announce the death of 
Dr. J. L. Leconte, the eminent coleopterist, who died on the 15th of 
November, in the 59th year of his age. His valuable and voluminous 
writings have given him a world-wide reputation, while his uniform kind- 
ness and self-denying labors, in aiding students in his department, have 
won him the esteem of all who have had the pleasure either of meeting him 
personally, or of corresponding with him. ‘The writer well remembers the 
kind encouragement which our departed friend gave him some twenty years 


218 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








ago by the prompt manner in which he responded to a number of enquiries, 
and his readiness in undertaking the work of naming a large number of 
species of Coleoptera. Dr. Leconte ever manifested a warm interest in 
the Entomological Society of Ontario, and in the earlier volumes of our 
Journal are many valuable articles from his pen. His Classification of the 
Coleoptera of North America, published by the Smithsonian Institute in 
1861, was a great boon to those interested in the study of American 
beetles, and greatly stimulated progress in this department, while the 
many excellent monographs he has written of special families have been 
invaluable to students. 


During the period of the war his scientific labors were interrupted by 
pressing official duties. He was first appointed Surgeon of Volunteers, 
and shortly afterwards Medical Inspector, with the rank of Lieutenant- 
Colonel, which position he occupied for some years. Subsequently he 
spent three years in Europe, where he visited all the public museums and 
as many private ones as were accessible to him, which enabled him, with 
the aid of a wonderful memory, to settle many doubtful points in reference 
to species in his own cabinet. On his return he resumed his entomologi- 
cal work, which was carried on with but slight interruption until within a 
week or two of his death. His labors on the Rhyncophora resulted in 
the publication of a volume of 455 pages, entitled, “‘Species of Rhyco- 
phora,” in which he was assisted by Dr. Horn. ‘This was published as a 
separate volume by the American Philosophical Society in 1876. Subse- 
quently, in association with Dr. Geo. H. Horn, he prepared an entirely 
new work to replace his early volume on the Classification of Coleoptera 
of North America, in which the bulk of the families are re-arranged and a 
vast amount of material, which has accumulated during the past twenty 
years, utilized, and the whole brought into harmony with the present 
advanced condition of knowledge on this subject. ‘This work, which was 
issued during the early part of the present year by the Smithsonian Insti- 
tute, will prove a most valuable guide to students’ of Coleoptera every- 
where, and will, perhaps, be the most enduring monument of his life work. 
No man who has ever lived has done as much as Dr. Leconte to advance 
the study of Coleoptera in America; and it has been well said that to 
follow the papers he has written during his busy life would be to give a 
history of the progress of scientific Coleopterology in America. His 
death will be a very great loss to American science, and an almost irre- 
parable one to the special department in which he labored. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 219 


BOOK NOTICES. 
First Annual Report of the Injurious and other Insects of the State of 

New York ; by J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist ; large 8vo. 

This very complete and methodical report, by Prof. Lintner, occupies 
382 pages, and is illustrated with 84 cuts. The volume opens with a 
copious table of contents, followed by a chapter on the importance of the 
study of Entomology, in view of the extent of insect depredations, and 
the immense losses insects occasion. The progress which has been made 
in Economic Entomology is then reviewed, and the writings of the chief 
workers in this field referred to, following which the various insect 
remedies and the best methods of using them are fully detailed. Preven- 
tives of insect depredations are next noticed, including the use of odorous 
substances to deter insects from depositing their eggs on plants and trees, 
as well as various mechanical contrivances employed for the same purpose. 

Among injurious insects, those belonging to the order Lepidoptera are 
first taken up. They are:—The bag or basket worm, Zhyridopteryx 
ephemereformis,; the larch lappet, Zolype /aric?s; the bronze-colored 
cut worm, WVephelodes violans ; the stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela ; the corn- 
worm, Heliothis armiger ; the vagabond crambus, Crambus vulgivagellus ; 
the dried crambus, Crambus exsiccatus; the peach-twig moth, Anarsza 
Jineatella,; the apple-leaf Bucculatrix, Buccu/atrix pomifolieclla; and the 
apple-tree case-bearer, Coleophora malivorella. ‘The insects belonging to 
the Dipterous order are next noticed, beginning with some species of 
Anthomyiide, next the Syrphide, Drosophilidz, concluding with the 
wheat-stem maggot, Weroemyza Amerieana. Those coleopterous insects 
which are injurious are then treated of in the following order: The rose- 
beetle, Wacrodactylus subspinosus ; the Indian Cetonia, Huphoria [nda ; 
the asparagus beetle, Crzoceris asparagi ; the punctured clover-leaf weevil, 
Phytonomus punctatus ; and the sculptured corn-curculio, Sphenphorus 
sculptilis. 

Injurious insects belonging to the order Hemiptera next claim atten- 
tion, when the life histories of the harlequin cabbage-bug, A/urantia his- 
trionica ; the four-lined leaf-bug, Pacilocapsus lineatus, and the two- 
marked tree-hopper, Luchenopa binotata, are given. Throughout the 
whole of this valuable report the species referred to are freely illustrated 
with excellent figures, and the text conveniently arranged in separate 
paragraphs with suitable headings. 

The report closes with an Appendix, which contains a full account of 


220 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








the entomological writings of the late Dr. Asa Fitch, a list of the insect 
enemies of the apple-tree, descriptions and notes of Lepidoptera, on the 
life duration of the moths, followed by a very complete general index 
covering 33 pages, with an additional index to food plants. We have had 
many excellent reports from State Entomologists in the past, but we doubt 
if ever there was a report published containing so much useful information 
and so well arranged in every respect as this first report of Prof. Lintner’s. 
The State of New York may well be congratulated in having secured the 
services of an officer so efficient and painstaking. 


Twelfth Report of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial 
Insects of the State of Illinois. 


This twelfth Illinois report is the first of the recently appointed State 
Entomologist, Prof. S. A. Forbes. It is a large octavo pamphlet of 162 
pages, illustrated with 30 cuts. An exhaustive account is given of the 
corn-root worm, Diabrotica longicornis, Say, with magnified figures of the 
insect in all its stages, together with details of the injury it has inflicted. 
This is followed with an account of the remedies, both natural and arti- 
ficial, which have been found useful in subduing this pest. The Chinch 
bug, Biissus leucopterus, is next noticed, its life history given, and natural 
enemies enumerated, including a species of bacterium, J/?crococcus insec- 
torum, which has been found destructive to the Chinch bug in the west. 

The strawberry crown borer, Zyloderma fragaria, is described very 
fully, and its work illustrated; also the crown miner, Avarsia /ineatella. 
Following these are descriptions of the melon plant louse, 4phzs cucum- 
eris, nN. Sp., Which has been found injuring cucumbers and melons ; the 
European cabbage worm, Pieris rape, with details of experiments with 
various remedies. The cherry or pear slug, Se/andria cerasi; the white- 
marked tussock caterpillar, Orgyia leucostigma, the bag-worm, Zhyri- 
dopteryx ephemereformis,; the army worm, Leucania unipuncta, the 
stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela; and the zebra caterpillar, Wamestra picta, 
are also described, following which is an interesting article on the food 
relations of predaceous beetles, a subject to which Prof. Forbes has de- 
voted much attention. Next in order is a paper on the Phytopti and 
other injurious plant mites, by H. Garman, and observations on the 
angoumois grain moth and its parasites, by F. M. Webster ; the whole 
forming an excelient report, one which weil sustains the character to which 
the Illinois reports have attained. 


Che Canardran Entomologist, 


VOL. 


LIST 


on Au — WN 











XV. LONDON, ONT., DECEMBER, 1883. Nog 52 











OF DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. COLLECTED IN THE 
NORTH-WEST TERRITORY AND. THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 


BY CAPTAIN GAMBLE GEDDES, 


A, D. C. to the Lieut.-Governor of Ontario, during Season of 1883, with Localities. 


: papite Asterias, F. Edmonton. 


Troilus, L. Fort Macleod. 
Purus, ls: ee 
“  Glaugus, i, a 
‘« Eurymedon, Bd. Seen but not taken. 


. Parnassius Smintheus, Doubd. Crow’s Nest Pass. 


Dark var. Hermodur, H. Edw. Summit Pass. 


. Pieris Oleracea, Boisd. Koutanai. 


“  Occidentalis, Reak. Pincher Creek. 
Protodice, Boisd. Belly River. 
Rape. NWeT. 


. Anthocaris Olympia, Edw. (v. rare). Summuait. 


: Ausonides, Boisd. Calgarry. 


. Colias Christina, Edw. Red Deer River. 


“ Occidentalis, Scud. (rare). Edmonton. 

‘© Edwardsu, Behr. (rare). Edmonton. 

«« Astrea, Edw. (2 new). Red Deer River. 

«Alexandra, Edw. (rare). 5,000 ft. elevation Rocky Mountains. 
“« _Eurytheme, Boisd. (rare). None taken W. of Moose Jaw. 

« Hagenti, Edw. Fort Macleod. 

Hh 6 “« (diminutive form). Fort Macleod. 


* Scudderii, Reak. Koutanai, 


222 


25: 


24., 
25: 
207 
Ap 
28. 
29. 
30. 
am. 
Be: 
33: 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





ns Lais, N. S., Edw. Fort Edmonton. 


Cybele, F. ¥ 
= Baucis, Edw. (not proved new yet). Fort Edmonton. 
ss Coronis, Behr. Belly River. 
4 «¢ (dark varieties). Crow’s Nest. 
us Chariclea, Schneid. Crow’s Nest. 
gc Boisduvalii. Ke 
eA Atlantis, Edw. ks 


cs Eurynome, Edw. Belly River. 

es V. Erinna. Red Deer River. 

ss V. Arge (?), Streck. Calgarry. 

ee Clio, Edw. (v. rare). Crow’s Nest. 


es Monticola, Behr. (v. rare). Summit. 
c Edwardsii, Reak. (v. rare). Blackfoot Reserve. 
ud Artonis, Edw. (v. rare). Koutanai. 
ef Myrina, Cram. Edmonton. 
Ss Aphrodite, F. ~ 43 
. Melitea Nubigena, Behr. Crow’s Nest. 
a Palla (?), Boisd. ea 
iG Chalcedon (?), Boisd. Garnett Ranche. 
= Leanira. a fe 


. Limenitis Disippus, Godt. Crow’s Nest. 


s Lorquini, Boisd. us 
= Arthemis, Drury. N. W. T. 


. Vanessa Milberti, Godt. N. W. T. 


z Antiopa, L. N. W. T. 


. Pyrameis Atalanta, L. N. W. T. 
. Grapta Satyrus, Edw. Crow’s Nest. 


“« Progne, Cram. Fort Macleod. 


. Danais Archippus, F. Common. 
. Chionobas Chryxus, West (v. rare). Summit. 


HS Varuna, Edw. Calgarry. 
be Minlen(?);weakse 


. Erebia Epipsodea, Butl. Fort Ellis. 
. Satyrus Charon, Edw. Garnett Ranche. 


“  Silvestris, Edw. “ 
‘¢ Nephele, Kirby. Rocky Mountains, 
‘’'V, Boopis, Behr. 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 





61. «VY. Ariana, Boisd. Rocky Mountains. 


62. “«  V. Olympus, Edw. th 
’ 63. Ccenonympha Inornata, Edw. Calgarry and Edmonton. 
64. Ochracea, Edw. ze cs 
65. Phyciodes Carlota, Reak. Brandon. 
66. % Tharos, Drury. Edmonton. 


67-68. Several varieties from North of Edmonton. Not determined. 
69. Thecla Titus, F. Old Man’s River. 

7o. ‘*  Edwardsii, Saund. (rare). Summit. 

71. Chrysophanus Mariposa, Reak. (v. rare). Summit. 


72. = Florus, Edw., Nov. Spec.(v. rare). Garnett’s Ranche. 
ie on Helloides, Boisd. Oxley Ranche. 

74. a Americana, D’Urban. os 

75. 4 Sirius, Edw. (v. rare). Fort Macleod. 


76. Pyrgus Tessellata, Scud. Medicine Hat. 

77. Amblyscirtes Vialis, Edw. (v. rare). Fort Ellis. 
78. Thymelicus Garita, Reak. Fort Ellis. 

79. Thanaos Brizo, Boisd. Fort Ellis. 

80. Eudamus Pylades, Scud. ‘“ 

81. Lycena Anna, Edw. Belly River. 

82. * Amyntula, Boisd. Calgarry. 

83. ‘¢  Sepiolus, Boisd. Crow’s Nest. 

84. «Rustica. Fort Qu’Appelle. 

85. «¢ Pembina, Edw. Crow’s Nest. 

86. “Afra, Edw. Nov. Spec. Saskatchewan. 


87. ** Unknown Spec. sent for identification. Garnett Ranche. 
88. Pamphila Zabulon, Bd. Lec. Calgarry. 
89. af Manataaqua, Scud. (v. rare). Fort Macleod. 


go. Fe Manitoba. Belly River. 
gl. i Uncas, Edw. as 
92. se Cernes, Bd. Lec. Crow’s Nest. 


INsEcTs AS Foop ror Man.—In the interior of Australia the natives are 
very fond of a large Coleopterous larva found in the bark of certain 
species of Eucalyptus. They eat them generally raw, holding them by 
the head and biting the body off as we would a cherry. They also cook 
them in the hot ashes and eat them.—American Naturalist. 


224 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





HISTORY OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES OF COLIAS 
EURYDICE, Boisp.,. WITH REMARKS UPON THE 
GENUS MEGONOSTOMA, Reakirt. 


BY W. H. EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA. 


Ecc.—Shape of Lurytheme, fusiform, tapering evenly from the middle 
to either extremity; the base broad, the summit pointed, mbbed longi- 
tudinally, and crossed by numerous striz; color, pale green when first 
laid ; later, changing to crimson ; duration of this stage about four days. 

Younc Larva.—Length, .1 inch ; cylindrical, thickest on two and three, 
tapering slightly to thirteen ; each segment from two to thirteen several times 
creased, and on the ridges thus caused are many fine black points, each with 
minute black hair; scattered among these are larger black points, or | 
tubercles, some with long, tapering, black hairs, but most with long, white, 
clubbed appendages; on two there is a cross row of these in front of the 
segment, five on either side, running from dorsum to base ; on three and 
four are four each, also in front, but after four, there are three to the seg- 
ment, disposed in triangle, two being in front, one on the last ridge ; these 
form longitudinal rows ; thirteen has three black hairs on either side in 
triangle, and from four to twelve are two black hairs at base of each ; 
color, dull yellow-green ; feet and legs same ; head rounded, but little de- 
pressed at top ; a few tubercles scattered over the face, each with long, 
tapering, depressed, black hair; color, pale yellow-brown. Duration of 
this stage about four days. 

After first moult :—Length, .14 inch; color, yellow.green ; the ridges 
thickly beset with black points, from which black hairs ; on two, three and 
four these points are larger than elsewhere ; head shaped as before, the 
depression being decided ; the tubercles and hairs more frequent ; color, 
yellow-green, paler than body. As the stage proceeds, a yellow stripe 
begins to show itself the length of body, below spiracles. ‘To next moult 
four to five days. 

After second moult :—Length, .22 inch; color, green, with black 
points and hairs as in previous stage ; the band along base distinct, white ; 
just over it, on three and ‘four each, on the middle of the segment, is a 
black bead-like process; under side, blue-green; head, yellow-green ; 
thickly covered with fine black tubercles, each with a short, black hair, and 
among them are about twelve of considerably larger size, with long hairs. 
To next moult three days. 


———— 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 225 





After third moult :—-Length, .4 inch; color, same ; in addition to the 
black processes on three and four is often a minute similar one on the 
succeeding segments in same line, but there is much variation as to these 
in number; the band white, with a yellow discoloration, which shows 
more decidedly as the stage progresses. ‘To next moult three days. 

After fourth moult :—Length, .6 inch; the red begins to show in the 
band for the first time, and there is quite constantly a black process on 
the segments after four, as described in previous stage. To maturity 
three days. 

Mature LArva.—Length, 1.1 inch ; cylindrical; color, dull green ; 
the segments thickly covered with fine black tubercles, each of which gives 
out a short, black hair; along base, lying in line with the spiracles, from 
two to twelve inclusive, is a narrow, white band, and along the lower edge 
of this is a ‘macular vermillion streak, broken at the junctions of the seg- 
mefits ; on three and four ‘each, over the band, in middle of ‘the seg- 
ménts, is a black, vitreous, rounded process, and sometimes minute ones of 
same character are found on the succeeding segments, or part of them ; 
under side ‘blue-green ; legs and feet same ; head, color of body, rounded, 
slightly depressed at'top, thickly beset with fine, black points, each with 
short, black hairs ; ocelli, black. From fourth moult to pupation six days. 
One larva ‘at the last stage differed from all the rest; in addition to ‘the 
complete ‘row of vitreous ‘spots, it had others on certain segments, viz. :— 
on two, one at verge of dorsum on either side ; on three, three high up on 
either side ; on'four, two high up; on five and six, one sub-dorsal each ; 
on eight and ten, each, an abbreviated jet-black bar, instead of round pro- 
cesses ; and below the white band were small, black marks, such’as are 
seen in many Pilodice and Lurytheme. 

Another had on each segment, from two to thirteen inclusive, on the 
second ridge from the point, a black band from the white band on one 
side ‘to that on the other ; these had the sides more or less crossed, but 





Were pretty regular; on thirteen was a short black bar along each side, 


and ‘the shield was black. This was a remarkable variation. 
[Nore.—All the larval measurements and descriptions above given 
were taken at or near twelve hours from the moult. | 


CurysaLis.—Length, .8 inch ; greatest: breadth across mesonotum, .19; 
across abdomen, .2 inch ; greatest depth, .28 inch; compressed laterally, 
the abdomen conical, the head case produced to a point; the thorax on 
ventral side prominent and compressed to a narrow ridge ; the mesono- 


226 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





tum low, rounded, with a slight carina, and followed by a slight excava- 
tion; color, apple-green; a white stripe along side of abdomen to 
extremity. Duration of this stage nine to ten days. 


Boisduval’s type male is described as having the yellow replaced by 
vivid orange, and the fore wings as having a violet reflection. This is the 
form figured in But., N. A., Vol. I. But many are utterly without any 
sort of reflection, and the dog’s head is ochre-yellow. 


Mr. Henry Edwards, in Proc. Cal. Acad., Dec. 18, 1876, called atten- 
tion to the var. Amorphe of Lurydice, and speaks of it as the autumn 
brood of Eurydice, distinguished by a decided black marginal border to 
hind wings of the male, and by brown patches upon the marginal border 
of the female. It is a seasonally dimorphic form rather than a variety. 
Mr. Edwards discovered that Amorpha Californica was the food plant of 
Lurydice, and described some part of the transformations in Proc. before 
cited, June 5, 1876. He notices that the caterpillar refused all other 
plants offered by him. The mature larva and chrysalis are described. 
I see that Mr. Edwards gives the length of the larva as‘1.45 inch, and of 
the chrysalis .95 inch. ‘The largest larva which I have seen had a length 
of only 1.1 inch, and the chrysalis of .8 inch. It may be that the larva of 
spring brood is smaller than the fall brood. All my larve were of 
the spring. Mr. W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, sent me several 
eggs by mail, which hatched on the road, and the larve reached 
Coalburgh znd April, 1883. On 23rd April, I received quite a num- 
ber of larve of all stages from first to last ; 24th April, came another 
lot of larvae. With each lot came a supply of the food plant, and boxes 
of this were sent me repeatedly, and till I announced that I wanted no 
more ; also plants with roots were sent, and these I succeeded in saving, 
and before fall had three large bushes four feet high. I tried, in vain, to 
make the larvee eat clover. ‘Their habits are similar to those of Phzlodice. 
When first hatched, they eat furrows in the surface of the leaf; by first 
moult eat the leaf itself; always lie extended on the upper side along the’ 
mid rib. ‘There is not the slightest difficulty in raising them to chrysalis, 
if one has the plant. 


The several stages of this butterfly—egg, larva from egg to pupa, and the 
pupa, are closely like those of other Coliads, as PAz/odice, Eurytheme, &c. 
There is no generic difference whatever observable in any of these stages 
between Lurydiceand Philodice, and so far as my observations with Diurnal 


. THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 227 





Lepidoptera go, there is no case where a natural genus does not show its 
distinctive characters in the preparatory stages, either in all of them, or 
part. There is no more natural genus than Colias, and it seems to me 
enough that the differences in the imagos should be indicated by groups 
merely. A group may stand for a sub-genus, but the differences in Colias 
are hardly enough to make sub-genus of. ‘Therefore, I do not approve 
of the genus Megonostoma, created by -Reakirt in 1863 to accommodate 
Eurydice and Cesonia, and a supposed species called by Mr. Reakirt 
Helena, but which is a variety of one of the others. .Mr. Reakirt was, at 
that date, a zealous collector, but, like myself, was but a beginner, and 
undertook to generalize in this case on very slight grounds. His most im- 
portant character for the new genus consisted “in peculiar appendages, 
found on the middle and posterior legs of the female,” to which he gives 
the name Lufronychia. ‘‘To be found on the under side of the tarsi, 
respectively, at two-thirds and three-fourths of their length, as two small 
membraneous appendages, each being tri-jointed.” And nearly a whole 
page of the Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., Vol. II., is devoted to a description and 
elaborate measurements of those appendages, running into the hundred 
thousandths of a millimeter. Now, I never was able to find in any 
example of Cesonia or Eurydice any such appendages, and I recollect 
very well that at the time this genus was made known, another lepidop- 
terist said the appendages were merely spicule from some flower, pro- 
bably of Asclepias. Recently I made a fresh examination and have 
found nothing, though I have a great many females of these species to 
make examination of. Desiring the observations of some one besides 
myself, I wrote Mr. E. M. Aaron, at Phil., asking him to subject 
examples to the action of a powerful microscope. He replied: ‘ After a 
careful examination of a number of specimens, I fail to find anything that 
will answer to Reakirt’s Eupronychia. It would seem that this charac- 
teristic is worthless, at least. The microscope used is a most powerful 
one.” Inthe other characters cited by Mr. Reakirt—as eyes, oval, pro- 
jecting, &c., &c.—there is nowhere a generic distinction. Hurydice and 
Cesonia have falcate fore wings, but that is not a generic difference, else 
Papilio Rutu/us would have to be separated from P. Zurnus. Between 
the imagos of these two species and Eurytheme and Philodice are 
resemblances which bind them closely together, and which can have come 
only from a common ancestor: as the discal spots, the sub-marginal points 
on under side, the spots at base of hind wings, and the patches at outer 


Oo = THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





angles. So the noted ‘dog’s head” breaks out now and then in both 
the species named. 

I think, therefore, that the genus Megonostoma should be dropped 
from circulation, for there certainly is no more to justify a separate genus 
for these two species than there is for Edusa or for Behriz. 


NOTES ON SOLPUGID-A. 
AY W. G. WRIGHT, SAN BERNARDINO, CAL. 


My first So/puga was found under a clod of hard earth, which I over-. 
turned in search of spiders. Upon being uncovered, it reared its palpi 
aloft with a menacing motion, and backing down as. closely as possible 
into a little depression, stood motionless till captured. This was in 
August, 1882. The specimen is apparently a 2, Datrines constricta, of 
medium size. The head and mandibles conform closely to the figure of 
that species, but it differs materially from the letter-press description of 
Constricta ; as to the other parts. z 

The second individual was taken in the evening, after a favorable op- 
portunity for observing its motions. It was in May, 1883, at 9 or 10 
o’clock, as I was sitting at my work-table writing a letter. A shaded lamp 
threw a strong light down upon pen and paper. For a few moments I 
had sat still, elaborating a sentence in my mind, when a magnificent 
Datrines came up from under my left arm as the elbow was extended 
after usual fashion, and ran with rapidity across the paper upon which I 
was writing, to the cover of some loose papers two feet to the right. As 
it ran [ distinctly saw its motions. ‘The body was nearly or quite drag- 
ging, and its palpi were raised up and curved forwards, and were in rapid 
motion, evidently as antennz or feelers, and not from fear or as a menace. 
Immediately recognizing my visitor, I hastily got the alcohol bottle and 
soon dislodged the animal from the papers, when it ran, with the same 
motions as previously, to regain its old hiding-place under the table, almost 
re-passing over its previous track ; and as it dropped over the edge of the 
table, by good fortune it fell into the bottle. 

This, larger one, is evidently a Datrines, but is unlike any plate or 
description seen by me. It is much larger than D. constricta, but, hke it, 
is also a Q. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 229 





From what I saw of these two individuals, I do not think them belli- 
gerent, nor that they would willingly bite or attack anything except their 
natural prey. Rather, I regard them as extremely timid things, and think 
that their so-called belligerent attitudes are in defence, or from the same 
feeling, whatever it may be called, that prompts a hare or a sheep to stamp 
upon the ground when it sees something that it does not understand. 





POLENTA, SCOLECOCAMPA AND EUCALYPTERA. 


BY+JOHN B. SMITH, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 


In my synopsis of the genera of the Woctudie 1 placed Polenta, Morr., 
in a section with the anterior tibia unarmed at tip, and Lucalyptera, Morr., 
I retained as distinct from Sco/ecocampa, Gn., the genera coming into 
different sections by the form of the palpi, and no particular comparisons 
being made, because I considered the genera so widely distinct that there 
was no possible chance of confounding them. On this account I have 
been criticised by Mr. Grote, and attention has been called in the case of 
Polenta to the fact that a specimen in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection had a 
claw terminating the anterior tibia, and that, therefore, I had inexcusably 
overlooked an important and obvious structural character. With all due 
deference to Mr. Grote, I think the mistake is not on my side ; of Polenta 
I saw Mr. Morrison’s type and three other specimens ; these I carefully 
re-examined, after reading Mr. Grote’s strictures, and not a single one of 
the specimens has any trace of armature at the tip of the anterior tibia. 
That Mr. Grote has seen a claw terminating the anterior tibia of an insect 
labelled Polenta Tepperi, Morr., it would be folly for me to dispute. That 
the insect is correctly determined I may be permitted to doubt, for it is’ 
scarcely possible that on all of the specimens I have examined the claw 
was so broken off as to leave no trace. I believe, therefore, that I was 
right, and that Mr. Morrison’s generic diagnosis in this particular was 
correct. 

As to Eucalyptera Mr. Grote fails to see any reason whatever for 
“‘re-habilitating” this genus. I have the type of Hwcalyptera and three 
other specimens, agreeing in all respects with it; and Sco/ecocampa 1s 


230 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. S 





so well known that it will scarcely be contended that I have mistaken the 


insect. 


SCOLECOCAMPA. 


Form robust, strong ; eyes naked; 
tibiae unarmed; legs modcrate, 
strong, densely clothed with long 
hair, forming tufts in the ~. 

Tongue moderate, spiral ; front 
not globose, with a pointed tuft di- 
rected downward; palpi straight, 
projecting far beyond the head, 
rather roughly clothed, the second 
joint longest, much enlarged and 
more heavily clothed at tip, the ter- 
minal joint drooping ; the whole, 


with the frontal tuft, forming a ~ 


pointed snout. 


I give in parallel columns the generic diagnosis of each : 


EUCALYPTERA. 


Form slender, slight ; eyes naked ; 
tibize unarmed ; legs long, slender, 
closely scaled, anterior coxee unus- 
ually large. 

Tongue rudimentary, obsolete ; 
front globose, with a pointed tuft 
directed upward; palpi oblique, 
moderately exceeding the head, 
closely scaled except at tip of 
second joint, where a tuft of scales 
creates an apparent enlargement ; 
terminal joint, straight, the whole 
forming a pointed snout, but pro- 
jecting upward as well as forward. 


The species dépuncta has a very close resemblance, structurally and 
superficially, with Doryodes acutaria, and, like it, is found in salt marshes. 
I certainly cannot be accused of an overfondness for numerous genera, but 
I do most firmly believe that Hwucalyptera and Scolecocampa can not be 
properly united. 





TO ENTOMOLOGISTS. 


Dr. H. A. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., is working on a monograph of 
the Odonata, with special regard to their early stages. He will be thankful 
to receive material from any collector who may have such, and will duly 
acknowledge the same. Larvze or pupee (dry or in alcohol) will be valuable 
to him, but he especially desires reared specimens of the insects, with such 
notes as can be furnished of the earlier stages. We trust that all who can 
will assist this distinguished author, who has done so much to aid others 
in their entomological studies, 


ee" 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 231 








ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. 


THE PROMETHEA EMPEROR-MOTH. 
Callosamia Promethea, DRURY. 


BY THE EDITOR. 


In Fig. ro we have a faithful representation of the male of this beautiful 
insect, and in Fig. 11 the female is shown. Both of these were drawn from 





Fic. 10.—MALE. 


nature, and engraved by H. H. Nichol, of Washington, and are of the 





Fic. 11.—FEMALE. 


natural size. This species is found throughout most of the Northern 
States and in Ontario, appearing on the wing late in June or early 


ay) THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 








in July. The wings of the male are of a brownish-black color, those 
of the female light reddish-brown... In both sexes the wings are crossed 
by a wavy whitish line near the middle, and a yellowish border along the 
hinder edges. ‘They both also have an eye-like black spot with a pale 
bluish crescent within, near the tip of the fore wings. Near the middle 
of each of tbe wings of the female there is an angular reddish-white spot, 
margined with black ; these are also visible on the under side of the wings 
of the male, but are seldom seen on the upper side. The wings of the 
male are narrower than those of the female, and the antennez much broader. 

The. female lays her eggs in clusters 


ly y of five or six or more together. They 

\7 Wy are of a creamy-white color, with an 
y/ [| / 2 . 

MN Yy, ochreous spot on the upper side, and are 


Yi fe about one-sixteenth of an inch in diame- 
ter. They hatch towards the end of July. 


The young larva is pale green with yel- 





cles. After passing the second moult it 
appears as at a in Fig. 12. ‘During the 
subsequent moults the larva changes very 
much, and when full grown it measures 
two inches or more in length, and presents 
the appearance shown at 0 in the figure. 
It is then of a bluish-green, or sometimes 
of a greenish-yellow color, with a whitish 
bloom, and has the head, feet, and hinder 
segments yellow. On each segment there 
are about eight small warts or short 
horns of a deep blue color, except the 
Wig) x2Aferieeler! _ two uppermost on the top of the third 
and fourth rings, which are of a rich coral 

red, and a long yellow one on the top of the twelfth segment. 

When full grown it selects a suitable spot from which to suspend its 
cocoon, usually a twig of cherry, sassafras, or some other tree, on which 
the larva feeds. ‘The twig is first wound round with silk for about half an 
inch on each side of the base of a leaf; the silk is then spun down around 
the leaf stalk, so that the leaf is firmly fastened to the twig, and cannot be 
detached .without using much force. ‘The expanded leaf is then drawn 


low bands and faint rows of black tuber- . 


a 


—_* 


OPE RP ys ea See hl 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 233 








together with silken threads in the form shown in Fig. 13, and within this 
enclosure the cocoon is spun. These cocoons 
may often be seen during the winter hanging 
from the twigs of trees and shrubs. 


In addition to the cherry and sassafras, the 
larva feeds on ash, poplar, azalea, button bush, 
and other shrubs and trees; although the ash 
is a very common food plant the cocoons are 
rarely, if ever, found upon it. The leafstalks 
being very long, it is perhaps too laborious a 
task for the caterpillar to fasten them to the 
twigs, and hence it leaves them in search of 
leaves with shorter stalks. 


























Birds frequently devour the contents of 
these cocoons during the winter, perforating 
them with their beaks ; the insect is also liable 
to be attacked by Ichneumon flies, which live 
in the larval state within the bodies of their 
victims and consume them. 











Fic. 13.—After Riley. 


A DISTINGUISHED HONOR. 


We are much gratified to learn that at the annual convocation of 
Trinity College, Toronto, held on the 15th of November, the distin- 
guished title of D. C. L. (Doctor of Civil Laws) was conferred upon the 
Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M. A., head master of Trinity College School, 
Port Hope, Ontario. This is the highest title Trinity College can confer, 
and it is the first time it has been bestowed upon one of its own Batchelors. 
Mr. Bethune’s career as an entomologist is so well known that it is per- 
haps scarcely necessary to remark that he is one of the most prominent 
of Canadian Entomologists ; was formerly editor of this Journal, has been 
from the outset one of the pillars of our society, and has done much to 
advance Entomology in this country. Many we know will rejoice with 
us that Mr. Bethune has been made the recipient of this well-merited 
honor. 


234 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 


BURNING OF THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL 
UNIVERSITY AT CARBONDALE, ILL. 





On the afternoon of November 26, a fire was discovered in the south- 
east portion of this structure, directly above the museum, which spread 
rapidly, and in a short time consumed the entire frame-work of the build- 
ing, leaving onlythe bare and blackened walls standing. ‘The loss is esti- 
mated at $150,000. The greater portion of the library, apparatus, and 
furniture was saved, but the valuable museum, with all its contents, was 
destroyed, including large collections of insects, birds, plants and shells. 
By this fire there have been lost the type specimens of a number of species 
- of Orthoptera and Hymenoptera, besides a large number of fine examples 
of insects of all orders. Fortunately there were 22 drawers of the 72 in 
the insect cabinet down stairs in Prof. French’s room ; these were saved, 
together with about fifty smaller boxes partly filled. The types also of 
the new species of Diptera, recently described by Mr. Marten in the Can. 
EntT., were saved. ‘The earnest workers in this institution have our sincere 
sympathy in the disaster which has befallen them. We trust that the 
enterprise so characteristic of Western people will be equal to the occasion, 
and that the University will be promptly rebuilt. 





EGG AND YOUNG LARVA OF PAPILIO CRESPHONTES. 
BY THE EDITOR. 


On the 2nd of September I observed a number of young larve of P. 
cresphontes on the leaves of a small bush of prickly ash, Xanthoxylum 
fraxineum, and among them some eggs, unhatched. The eggs were laid 
singly and usually on the upper side of the leaf, to which they were firmly 
attached. They were about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, nearly 
round, slightly flattened, and concave at the base at the point of attach- 
ment to the leaf; color pale yellow ; not reticulated; almost smooth, 
with a few irregular yellow dots and patches, as if yellow mucus had been 
dropped on the surface and dried. The eggs were semi-transparent por- 
tions of the young larva, with the black hairs which adorn it showing 
through. The young larve varied from a quarter to half an inch in 
length. They were black, with an irregular pale patch almost covering 


—— 





THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 235 





the seventh and eighth segments, and another on the two hindermost 
segments. Each segment was adorned with semi-transparent tubercles, 
which were pale on the pale patches and dark on the other portions of 
the body ; each tubercle was armed with a few short black spines. On 
each side of second segment is a prominent tubercle with two smaller ones 
between them ; the third, fourth and fifth segments have six tubercles on 
each, arranged in irregular transverse rows ; the remaining segments have 
only two tubercles. Body thickest towards the front, tapering behind. 





MOTHS INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION. 
BY A. R. GROTE, A. M. 


Under this head one might arrange nearly the whole of our moths, 
except, perhaps, a little species, the Euzephora eoccidivora, which Profes- 
sor Comstock has discovered to be predaceous, and to live upon plant-lice 
in the larval state, and one or two others, which, perhaps, have similar 
habits. A good many species become unusually numerous, however, in 
certain years and localities. Almost always this seems to be owing to the 
temporary cessation of action of the checks which keep down species from 
excessive multiplication, and disturbing the order of things. When we 
cultivate a large quantity of any cereal or plant of economic value, we in 
effect afford abundant food for the insects which habitually infest it. 
Many will recollect that the maple and other shade trees in Brooklyn and 
New York used to be completely defoliated by the middle of summer by 
the common Brown Drop or Measuring Worm, Ludalimia subsignaria. 
The English sparrow nd us of this nuisance ; it eat every one of them. 
This Measuring Worm sought refuge in the cities from the birds which 
attacked it, and kept it down in the country. In the cities the birds were 
less plentiful and, this check being removed, they throve exceedingly. 
When the Measuring Worms were gone their place was taken by a differ- 
ent moth, the Gray Vaporer, Orgyta J/eucostigma, whose caterpillars, 
being hairy, were unpalatable to the sparrows. In Philadelphia this sub- 
stitution merely exchanged one nuisance for another, so plentiful have the 
Vaporer caterpillars become. In Buffalo, where the Vaporer was 
always the prevailing pest, no change has been made upon the entry of 


236 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





the English sparrow into that city. Other species occasionally increase 
largely in certain seasons for some unknown cause. On Mount Desert 
one season I saw myriads of the Pretty Pine Spanner, Cleora pulchraria, 
which is not usually so plentiful. Some of the principal species which 
injure our cultivated plants are the Army Worm, Ae/iophila unipuncta ; 
the Cotton Worm, A/etia argillacea; the Cabbage Cut-worm, Hadena 
devastatrix, and other Cut-worms belonging to the genera Agroftzs and 
Hadena. ‘The pine trees are bored by the larvee of several moths, and so 
with the hickories, as well as the fruit trees in our orchards. Some excel- 
ent scientific work towards working out the natural history of all these 
species has been done by the Department of Agriculture at Washington 
and the various State Governments. ‘Taking into consideration the 
damage inflicted by these insects, it may be said that money is well spent 
towards understanding all about these pests, and the way to abate them 
is to understand their histories and modes of attack first. The fact re- 
mains that in many instances we can do comparatively little to check the 
ravages of insect pest; we have them chiefly removed by the multiplica- 
tion of their natural enemies. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 





COAL TAR FOR THE PLUM WEEVIL. 

Dear Sir,—Respecting the use of coal-tar in the matter of driving 
away the plum-weevil about which Prof. Claypole inquires (p. 180), I 
have seen it recommended several times, and perhaps the source of the 
different commendations of it was Prof. Alex. Winchell’s paper. I have 
tried the coal-tar and found it of no avail. Some have followed advice 
published at one time, and applied the tar directly to the bark of the 
trunk and branches and thereby destroying the life of the tree, as has 
also been done with carbolic acid. All similar ways of fighting the plum- 
weevil must be classed as farryinmg methods. Systems aiming at whole- 
sale slaughter, permit me to say, I deem are more judicious. ‘There are 
at least two very reliable exterminating methods in use against the pest, 
both of which are explained by Mr. B. Gott in his article on the ‘‘ Plum 
Curculio,” in Annual Report of Entomological Society of Ontario, 1879. 

Very respectfully yours, 
Glyde, Ne We W. L. DEVEREAUX. 


OO 


{THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. Zon 


PIERIS RAPAD VAR. NOVANGLI®., 


Dear Sir,—In the Canapian Enromocoaist, Vol. iv., p. 79, Mr. 
Scudder describes a variety of Pvercs rape under the name of Vovangilia, 
and indicates that it is a new variety, developed since the introduction of 
this species into America. He gives Mr. Stainton as authority that noth- 
ing of the kind occurs in Europe. Curtis, in his ‘‘ Farm Insects of Great 
Britain,” page rot, after describing Rapa, says: ‘“‘ But I possess a male, 
taken near Oldham, in Lancashire, which has all the wings of a bright 
yellow color.” Is not this Mr. Scudder’s variety Vovanglie ? If so, the 
origin of it must be placed further off than since the introduction of the 
species into this country, and the cause of its development, something 
operating in England as well as in New England. Yours truly, 

State College, Orono, Me., Dec. 20, 1883. C. H. FERNALD. 


PARASITE ON VANESSA ANTIOPA. 


Dear Sir,—In the Enromo.ocisr for September, your correspondent, 
Frederick Clarkson, speaks of obtaining so few parasitic insects from vari- 
ous cocoons. Perhaps it may interest some of your readers if I mention 
some cases of an opposite character that have come under my own ob- 
servation. From a chrysalis of V. Antiopa I counted 145 little green 
flies, and from the cocoon of a curious green and white worm, of which I 
have not been able to find the name, I carefu//y counted 1,257 very 
small black flies. This cocoon was not as large as V. Antiopa chrysalis. 
You see I am not scientific enough to know the names of these parasites, 
but I send the facts for what they are worth. Yours truly, 

Watertown, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1883. i Harriet H. KEYES. 


REMARKABLE GATHERING OF BEETLES. 


Dear Sir,—On the roth of October last, while walking along the new 
dock, now in course of construction at Weller’s Bay, I noticed what seems 
to me a remarkable occurrence, and one which I should like to know if others 
have observed. Along the outer edge of the crib-work were thousands of 
beetles, which were so thickly collected together in some places that a 
spot the size of one’s hand would have on it from 30 to 40 insects ; they 
were chiefly Coccinellide, but among them were Carabide, Chrysomelide, 
Staphylinide, and other families. In the course of a few minutes I picked 
up, besides specimens of many other species, no less than 55 Donacias. 


238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





At the time there was a strong southerly breeze blowing off the water, to 
which they were fully exposed. They were clinging to lumps of moist sandy 
mud, which had been recently dredged for filling the crib, and to moistened 
wood-work. No attempt was made at flight while being picked up. On 
the inner edge, or land side of the crib, not one was to be seen. 

Joun D. Evans, Trenton, Ont. 





NOTES ON THE LARVAE ON SOME SPHINGID&. 

Dear Sir,—I\n looking over your Entomological Report for 1881, I 
find, among the descriptions of the larvae, pupze and imagos, the follow- 
ing about the larva of Hemarzs tenuis, Gr.: ‘‘ The larva is, we believe, at 
present unknown.” I have collected and reared this same larva for the 
last four or five years, and found it plentiful, feeding on the snowberry, 
Symphoricarpus, of which I have noticed, I believe, two varieties or 
species: one with small, almost round leaves, the other, which seems very 
rare, with larger leaves and more pointed. Having believed this larva to 
be fully described, I took no pains to make notes of its color or character- 
istics, and could not now furnish a description of it. I have a number of 
pupee of this species. I also found two sphinx larve this season, of which 
I have not yet seen a published description. Being much occupied at 
the time I was feeding these, I put off making notes until one day when I 
was at leisure, then I found it was too late, as they had entered the 
ground. One I took feeding on Privet Zzgustrum ; it had the general ap- 
pearance of Sphinx drupiferarum im size and color, only that the oblique 
lines were light yellow, almost white, with a broad band nearly an eighth 
of an inch wide of a beautiful dark ultramarine blue; caudal horn light 
bluish-green, ending in a horny brown point, heavily granulated with 
black. The other larva I found on black ash and on the fringe tree, of 
which we have several fine specimens in the city park; on these latter I 
also found feeding .S. chersés, which much resembled this one. Cherszs 
differs in that it tapers shghtly towards the head; the stigmata are white 
in the centre, surrounded with bright red, and the caudal horn is but 
lightly granulated with black. Pupz without tongue case; of a coffee- 
brown color, whilst in the former it is almost black. Both larvee fed 
readily on black ash in my garden. A. tenuis I have never found feeding 
on any other than the above mentioned shrubs. I also found a third 
larva feeding in company with 7. ¢hysbe, much resembling D. myron, on 
Viburnum dentatum, the pupz of which is a light grayish tan color, with 
the markings of a Darapsa. Pu. FIscHER, 528 High St., Buffalo, N. Y. 


THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 239 


VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF CICINDELA SEX-QUTTATA. 


Dear Sir,—I have just read with much interest Mr. Townsend’s 
article (Vol. xv. p. 205-8) ‘On the variation of the elytral markings of 
Cicindela sex-quttata,” and as he quotes from my field notes for 1881, I 
feel called upon to modify the record therein made casually of a two- 
spotted variety of this bettle. A more careful examination shows that, in 
addition to the anterior spots of normal size, rudimentary posterior ones 
may be discerned with a good glass, or more plainly, as Mr. Townsend 
points out, by examining the under surface. I can discover no trace, 
however, of the intermediate spots. ‘The specimen is apparently a variation 
in the direction of the immaculate southern variety known as Vzo/acea, Fab., 
towards which it also tends in coloration. I may add that of eighteen other 
specimens at present all in my collection (and taken promiscuously), five 
belong to the first variety and five to the third ; one of the latter showing 
an interrupted line from the anterior to the inner spot, and having the 
posterior ones rudimentary. Three belong to the fifth variety ; one of 
these has also an interrupted line from anterior to inner. The remaining 
specimen belongs to the the seventh variety. Other interesting varieties 
probably occur ; and as the beetles are very common here, I will en- 
deavor next season to obtain a more extended series. The color of many 
specimens also departs very much from the typical green toward a decided 
blue. W. HaGuE HARRINGTON, Ottawa, Ont. 


ON THE GENUS IDIOSTOMA. 


Dear Sir,—I\ have seen in the July number of your valued periodical 
(Vol. xv., p. 139) in a letter from my esteemed correspondent, Miss 
Murtfeldt, the confession which she has kindly made public on my behalf 
of my oversight in characterizing the genus Idiostoma as new to science, 
whereas it had been already described by Messrs. Grey and _ Boll 
under the name ‘‘ Metamorpha.” When I first received an example of 
this genus from South Africa, I had not seen the original description, nor 
should I have expected to find it among North American genera. I make 
no excuses for the mistake ; but as the name Metamorpha is pre-occupied, 
having been used by Hubner for another genus of Lepidoptera, I venture 
to point out that, according to the accepted rules of Zoological nomen- 
clature, the name ‘“ I[diostoma” should now be retained. 

I am, yours faithfully, WALSINGHAM. 


240 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 





BOOK NOTICES. 





Bulletin No. 3 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology ; 


8VO., pp. 75. 

We are indebted to Prof. Riley for this useful report of observations 
and experiments in the practical work of the division. It contains further 
notes on the Army Worm, details of an interesting series of experiments 
with Pyrethrum powder on larve, notes on forest-tree insects by Dr. A. 
S. Packard ; on the Cotton Worm and the machinery which has been de- 
vised for destroying it, and on the tree borers of the family Cosszde, by 
the late Dr. J. S. Bailey, of Albany, N. Y. The closing paper is by W. 
McMuttrie, on tests of silk fibre from cocoons raised at the Department. 
This report contains much valuable matter. The paper on the Cosside 
is illustrated by two plates beautifully executed ; there is also a plate 
illustrating the chapter on silk fibre. 


A Bibliography of Fossil Insects; by Samuel H. Scudder; republished 
from the bulletin of Harvard University ; 8vo., pp. 47. 
A valuable compilation, which will greatly aid the student in this de- 
partment of natural science. 


On the Color and the Pattern of Insects; by Dr. H. A. Hagen; from 

Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 

In this paper the author discusses the various theories which have 
been propounded to account for the diversity of pattern and color in in- 
sects, reviewing the facts which have been cited for their support. It isa 
most interesting and instructive article, at the conclusion of which the 
writer expresses his conviction that color and pattern in insects are pro- 
duced by physiological processes in the interior of their bodies. 





Bulletin of the Buffalo Naturalists’ Field Club. 


The fifth number of the first volume of the records of work done by 
this enterprising body of naturalists is before us. It includes notes on 
Protozoa, by Prof. Kellicott ; also papers on the Butternut, Indian Relics 
and other interesting subjects, followed by botanical and ornithological 
notes. This serial is handsomely gotten up, well printed on excellent 
paper, and is in every way a credit to its promoters. 


(October No., issued Nov. 27, 1883.) 
(November No., issued Jan. 17, 1884.) 


Sis «< 
a i 


INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 


Actias luna, 120. 
Acknowledgment, 63. 
Acmzops proteus, 59. 
Acopa carina, 77. 

»  incana, 77. 

n  perpallida, 77. 
Adipsophanes ¢erminellus, 2. S., 132. 
Adita, 53. 

Aegeria acerni, 187. 

Agrilus egenus, 80. 
Agrotiphila, 52. 

Agrotis, on the genus of, 51. 

" citricolor, 26, 53.” 

" mioerens, 53. 

" muscosa, N. 8., 26, 
Amblyscirtes libya, 146. 

A mystery and its solution, 41. 
Anaphora simulatus, 94. © 
Anarta brephoides, 55. 

" Nnivaria, 109. 

" promulsa, 109. 

un submarina, n. S., 4, 109. 
Androchirus fuscipes, 101. 

Anicla, 53. 
Annual address of President, 181. 

n report State Ent., N. Y., 219. 
T9220; 
Anobium tenuestriatum, 93. 
Anthoecia rivulosa, 86. 
Anthrenus castanez, 9I. 

" museorum, QI. 

" varius, 82, 90. 
Ants, damage caused by, 140. 
Anytus, 53. 

Apatela gelechiz, 17, 18. 

" vulpina, n. s., 8. 
Aphis maidis, 153. 

" mali 2, 96. 

Aplodes Arizonaria, n. s., 125. 
Apple-leaf crumpler, 1. 
Apple-tree aphis, 96, 185. 
Archiearis resoluta, 55. 
Argynnis Butleri, n. s., 32. 

" diana, 42. 

" eurynome var. evinna, 

" lais, n. S., 209. 
Argyrauges, 24. 

Arnold, Chas., death of, 177. 
Arsame obliquata, 171, 174. 
Arsilonche Henrici, 30. 
Athous cucullatus, 1ot. 
Azenia edentata, n. s., 25. 


" " i‘ i 


2. Vsy 33. 





‘ 


Bailey, Dr. James S., death of, 179. 
Basilodes pepita, 73. 

Basket worm, 98. 

Beetles, remarkable gathering of, 237. 
Bell, J. T., article by, 61. 

Bellamira scalaris, So, 

Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., article by, 117. 
Bibliography of fossil insects, 240. 

Black knot, 174. 

Bombus pensylvanicus, 172. 

Book notices, 13, 115, 219, 240. 

Bowles, G. J., articles by, 164, 167. 
Buffalo Field Naturalists’ Club, 240. 
Bulletin U. S. Dept. Agr. Div, of Ent., 240 
Bunker, Robert, article by, 160. 
Buprestis fasciata, 203. 

Burning of Il]. Normal University, 234. 
Butterflies collected in the North-west, 221 

" Newfoundland, 43. 

" new species of, 209. 
Byssodes obrussata, 6. 

Calandra remotopunctata, 81. 

Callosamia promethea, 231. 

Calopteron reticulatum, early stages of, 97, 
179, 204. 

Calpine, North American, 72, 102. 

Canadian Ent., dates of issue of, 138. 

“© Insects, lists of names of, 60, 
Canker worms, circular concerning, 114. 
Cantharis Nuttalli, 176. 

Capis curvata, 6, 

Carabidze, food relations of, 13. 
Caripeta szbochrearia, n. s., 9. 
Carneades, n. &., 4, 53. 

" MOVENS, N. S.y 4. 
Carpocapsa pomonella, 204. 

Catherina, 53. 
Catocala Arizonx, 12. 

" coelebs, 23. 

" habilis, 100. 

" junctura, 12. 

" Meskei larva of, 100. 

" relicta, 100. 

" SQrA, N. 5.5 163, 

" semirelicta, II. 

" Verrilliana, 13. 

" violenta, 15. 

" Walshii, 12, 163. 
Cecidomyia robiniz, 203. 
Centronopus calcaratus, 102. 
Cephaloon lepturides, 80. 
Chalcophora liberta, 79. 


242 INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 


Chalcophora virginiensis, 79. 
Chameeclea pernana, 76. 
Chambers, V. T., death of, 178. 
Chariessa pilosa, 80. 
Chesias frondaria, 27. 
Chionobas calais, 44, 50. 
Chirothrips aztennatus, n. s., 154. 
Chlorosea albaria, n. s., 126. 
Chrysobothris Harris, 79. 
Chrysomela Bigsbyana, 22. 

" clivicollis, 21. 

" multiguttis, 22. 

" pallida, 21. 

" similis, 22. 
SE ala epixanthe, 44, 50. 

florus, m2. 5., 210. 

Cheyaopila folda, early stages of, 112. 
Cicindela sex-guttata, 79, 205, 239. 

" vulgaris, 79. 
Cirrhophanus triangulifer, 76. 
Clarkson, Frederick, articles by, 98, 161, 

168, 208, 217. 
Claypole, E. W., articles by, 37, 58, 180. 
Cleora pulchraria, 236. 
u -venata, N. S., 133- 

Clisiocampa americana, 38. 

" sylvatica, 38. 
Clover-seed midge, 186. 
Coal tar for plum weevil, 236. 
Coccinellidz, food relations of, 13 
Codling moth, 204. 

" 1 Paris green a remedy for, 188. 
Ccenonympha inornata, 44, 50. 
Coleophora argentella, 95. 

" argentialbella, 95. 
" leucochrysella, 95. 
Coleoptera, British, catalogue of, 115. 
" classification of, 115. 
Coleopterous larve, descriptions of, 21, 
10]. 
Coleothrips trifasciata, 152. 
Colias czesonia, 227. 
1  eurydice, preparatory stages of, 224. 
" " 170. 
var. amorphe, 169, 226. 
philedice, 100. 
Collecting, novel method of, 59. 
Colorado potato beetle, 21, 37. 
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 38, 180, 236. 
Coquillett, D. W. articles by, 21, 31, 97, 
te, 1 
Corethra plumicornis, 173. 
Correspondence, 39, 58, 79. 99, 138, 159, 
179, 198, 216, 236. 
Cossus, 203. 
1 Centerensis, 203. 
Crambus marginatus, 105. 
Croft, Prof. Henry, death of, 78. 


" W 








Cryphalus jalappze, 140. 
Cupes concolor, 80. 
Cyllene robiniz, 80. 
Cymatophora dataria, 87. 
" depromaria, n. S., 87. 
" erisearia, nN. S., 124. 
" obliquarta, N. S., 124. 
" rupjaria, WH. S., 125. 
separataria, N. S., 124. 
Denials archippus, 99. 
Darapsa versicolor, 204. 
Datrines constricta, 228. 
Debis Portlandia, 69. 
Dendroides concolor, 80. 
Depressaria applana, 94. 
Devereaux, W. L, article by, 236. 
Diplosis grassator, 39, 83. 
Doryphora decem-lineata, 21, 37. 
" juncta, 22. 
Drugs, insects injurious to, 81. 
Dryocampa senatoria, 38. 
Edwards, W. H., articles by, 14, 32, 43, 
64, 136, 141, 147, 209, 224, 
Elater nigricollis, 101. 
Endropia sesguzlinearta, n. 5., 125. 
Entomological club, A. A. A. S., meeting 
of, 169. 
Entomological notes for 1882, 37. 
i Soc, Ontario, annual meet- 
ing of 159, 201. 
Entomological Soc. Ontario, annual ad- 
dress of Presidént of, 181. 
Entomological Soc. Ontario. report to 
Royal Society of Canada, 134. 
Entomologists, meeting of, 120. 
Entomology for beginners, 1, 56, 96, 212. 
" practical, 61. 
Epilachne borealis, preparatory stages of, 
189. 
Eucalyptera, 229. 
Euchetes egle, 100. 
Fudalimia subsignaria, 235. 
Eudamus druszus, 2. s., 211. 
Eudarcia simulatricella, 94. 
Eudioptis hyalinata, 56. 
Eupsalis minuta, 79. 
Euszephora coccidivora, 235. 
Evans, John D., article by, 237. 
Exenterella, 23. 
Expanse of Noctuidee, 29. 
Fala ptycophora, 75. 
Fall web-worm, 38. 
Fenaria sevorsa, 5. 
Feralia jocosa, 28. 
Fernald, C. H., articles by, 237. 
Fidonia alternaria, n. S., 27. 
ni partitaria, n. s., 130. 
Fischer, Ph., article by, 238. 








———- S—( 


INDEX 


Fletcher, J., articles by, 40, 78, 134 
Formica rufa, 171. 
" sanguinea, 217. 
French, G. H., articles by, 163, 189. 
Frost-flies, 173. 
Fyles, Rev. T. W., articles by, 83, 198. 
Galeruca xanthomelaenz, 160. 
Geddes, G., article by, 221. 
Gelechia cinerella, 139. 
" Clemensella, 94. 
" conclusella, 95. 
" crescentifasciella, 95. 
" formosella, 139. 
" gallzesolidaginis, 170. 
" grissefasciella, 95. 
" inconspicuella, 139 
" prunifoliella, 94. 
" rubensella, 95. 
" rubidella, 95. 
" vernella, 139. 
Geometride, list of, taken at Quebec and 
Montreal, 164. 
Gilbert, W. W., article by, 120 
Glover, Townend, death of, 178. 
Gortyna nitela, 174. 
Gosse, P. H, article by, 44 
Gracilaria Packardella, 95. 
" superbifrontella, 95. 
" swederella, G5. 
Grapta comma, 20. 
1  satyrus, 20. 
Grote, A. R., articles by, 3, 23, 40, 51, 
55, 72, 84, 86, 102, 121, 235. 
Hackberry galls, 157. 
Hadena, 52. 
" plutonia, n. s., 9. 
Hadenella, 122. 
" pergentilis, 122. 
Hagen, Dr. H. A., articles by, 119, 159. 
Hamilton, John, article by, 90 
Harrington, W. H., articles by, 59, 79, 
239 
Helia americalis, 171. 
Helice gleditschizella, 95. 
1 pallidochrella, 95. 
Heliothinz, 72, 84, 102. 
Hemaris tenuis, 
Hemileuca, 23. 
Hepialus, 203. 
" furcatus, 30. 
Hesperide, remarks on, 141. 
Heustis, Mrs. C. E., article by, 57. 
Hirmoneura brevirostris, 70. 
" clausa, 70. 
obscura, 70. 
Holland, W. G., article by, 41. 
Homohadena Setar! WS. 20s 
" vulnered, nN. S., 20. 





TO VOLUME XV. 243 


Homoptera unilineata, 123. 
Homopyralis miserulata, 123. 
Honor, a distinguished, 233. 
Hybernating butterflies, 4o. 
Hyperchiria Io, 216, 
Hyphantria textor, 38. 
Idiostoma, on the genus, 130, 239. 
Index to Entomological reports, 159. 
Insects as food for man, 223. 
bibliography of fossil, 240. 
1 Canadian, lists of names of, 60. 
1 color and pattern in, 240. 
1 injurious to drugs, 81, 140. 
" " fruits, 117. 
Keen, Eugene L., article by, 200. 
Kellicott, D. S., article by, 191. 
Keyes, Harriet H., article by, 237. 
Lackey moth, American, 38. 
" un forest, 38 
Larvee, coleopterous, descriptions of, 21, 
Iol. 
Larva of Smerinthus, 203. 
Lasioderma serricorne, 140. 
Last year’s collecting, 99. 
Leconte, Dr. John L., death of, 217. 
Lema collaris, 21, 22. 
Lepidoptera, diurnal, 
North-west, 221. 
Lepidoptera, diurnal, new species of, 32. 
Leucania unipuncta, 173. 
Leucobrephos, 55. 
Limenitis arthemis, observations on, 57. 
Limothrips poaphagus, 152. 
Lintner, J. A., article by, 120. 
Lists of Insects, revision of, 202. 
Lithocolletis desmodiella, 139. 

" gregariella, 139. 
Lithostege Arzzonata, x. s., 126. 
Litognatha Zzears, 7. s., 121. 

Lixus AEE, early stages of, 113 
Lussa, n. 

" nigrog cutlata, m. S., 127. 
Lyceena afra, n. s., 21T. 

" aster, 44, 45, 51. 

" Couperi, 44, 51. 

" aquilo, 44, 51. 

" melissa, 170. 
Lycomorpha pholus, 205. 
Lygrantheecia, 86, 105. 

" species of, 107. 

tenuescens, M. S., 128. 

Masdalie barbata, 80. 
Mamestra, 52. 

" ferrealis, n. S., 29. 

" picta, 205. 

" spiculosa, n.s., 28. 
Maple egerian, 187. 
Marten, John, article by, 110. 


collected in the 


244 


Matigramma rubrosuffusa, 123. 
Matuta, 53. 
Megachyta zxconspicualis, n. s., 30. 
Melanophila longipes, 60. 
Melicleptria Hoyi, 55. 
Melipotis nigrescens, 5. 

" stygialis, 5. 

" versabilis, 5. 
Melitzea chalcedon, 170. 

" chara, 2. S., 209. 
" phaeton, 170. 

Melon moth, 56. 
Metalepsis, 129. 

" cornuta, 129. 
Moffatt, J. A., articles by, 99, 180. 
Momophana Comstocki, 28. 
Montreal branch, meeting of, 167. 
Moss hunting, 61. 
Moth, extraordinary habitation for, 208. 
Moths injurious to vegetation, 235. 


Moths, new species of and notes on struc- 


ture of, 3, 23, 86, 121. 
Mundt, A. H., article by, 87. 
Murtfeldt, Mary E., article by, 93, 138, 
Nematus Erichsonii, 205. 
" ventricosus, 205. 
" " eggs of, 200. 
Nemistrinidze, North American, species of, 


Neonympha areolatus, 68. 

1 canthus, preparatory stages of, 64. 

1  eurytris, 68. 

" gemma, 68. 

1 Henshawii, 68. 

1 sosybius, 68. 
Neumoegenia, 102. 

" poetica, 102. 
Newfoundland butterflies, 43. 
Noctuidz, expanse of, 29. 
Nonagria subcarnea, 175. 
Notodonta albifrons, 204. 

Oak caterpillar, 38. 

Obituary notices, 78, 176, 217. 

Octhera mantis. 

(Ecanthus niveus, 8o. 

CEdipoda corallina, 205. 

Oncocnemis cuvvicollis, n. s., 10. 
" pernotata, n. S , 25. 

Ophion macrurum, 162. 

Orgyia leucostigma, 168, 186, 235. 

Osborn, Herbert, article by, 151. 

Pachypsylla, 157. 

Peedisca Scudderiana, 170. 

Pamphila agricola, 35. 

" Californica, 151. 

" COLUS SECs 

" Colorado, 141, 147. 

" comma, I41, 147. 


INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 














Pamphila juba, 141, 147. 
" Manitoba, 141, 147. 
" mtlo, 2. Siy 34. 
" Nevada, 141, 147. 
" rhesus, 34. 
" sylvanoides, 141, 148. 
" ruricola, 150. 
" viator, 147. 


Paphia Morrisoni, 35. 
»  troglodyta, 20, 36. 
Papilio Abbotii, 87. 
n ajax, 89. 
un  brevicauda, 43, 45, 47. 
1 cresphontes, 100. 
larva of, 204, 234. 
egg of, 234. 
“ — rutulus, 169. 
»  telamonides, 87. 
1 troilus, 162. 
n  turnus, 44, 48, 204. 
" Walshil, 87. 
1 zolicaon, 169. 
Paris green, a remedy for codling moths, 


288. 


Parasymmictus clausa, 70. 
Perigea epopea, 3. 
Petrophora excurvata, 2. s., 123. 

" mirabilata, Nn. 5., 123. 
Phzegarista sevorsa, 5. 

Pheetusa plutella, 94. 
Phakellura hyalinata, 56. 
Phasiane irrorata, 7. 

" neptata, 8. 
Pheocyma ¢ermzna, 2. s., 129. 

" UMbYINA, N. Sry 3. 
Philampela achemon, 162. 
Phleothrips carya, 152. 

" mali, 152. 
" NUSTA, N. S., 154. 
Pholisora nessus, 146. 
Phycita nebulo, 1. 
Phylloxera vastatrix, parasites on, 39, 83. 
Phytoptera, 173. 
Pine moth. 116. 
Pieris napi, 44. 
1 Oleracea, 48. 
n rape, 99. 
" "var. novanglize, 237. 
Plagiomimicus, IT. 
" expallidus, 11, 75. 
" pitychromus, II, 75. 
" Reppenty lms 
Planosa laricis, 160. 
Plum weevil, 38, 180, 236. 
Plusia egena, 26. 
Plusiodonta compressipalpis, 172. 
Pcecilonota cyanipes, 80. 


"W " 


" " 


INDEX TO VOLUME XV. 


245 





Polenta, 229. 

Pretiosa, 76. 

Prodoxus decipiens, 175. 

Promethea, emperor-moth, 231. 

Prosoparia perfuscaria, n. g. et. S., 130. 

Psephenus Lecontei, external, anatomy of 
larva. 191. 

Pseudomus truncatus, 79. 

Psylla celtidis:mamma, 40, 84, 157, 199. 
" ¢-cucurbita, 158. 

1 celtidis-grandis, 199. 
n venusta, 84, 157, 199. 

Psyllidse, further notes on, 198. 

Pyrameis atalanta, 40, 44, 49. 

preparatory stages of, 14. 

" cardui, 44, 50. 

Pyrethrum cinerrariifolium, 58. 

" roseum, 58. 

Pyrrhia illiterata, 128. 

Reed, E. B., articles by, 138, 140, 204. 

Reed, L. B., article by, 216. 

Reports of Entom. Soc., index to, 159. 

Report of U. S. Comm. of Agric., 116. 

Retinia frustrana, 116. 

Rhodophora Florida, 109. 

Rhodosea, n. 8.54. * 

" Julia, n. S., 5, 109. 

Rhyncocephalus albofasciatus, 72. 

" Sackeni, 70, 71. 
" volaticus, 2. S., 70, 71. 

Riley, C. V.. articles by, 39,.114, 157. 

Rogers, R. V., article by,)212: 

Royal Society of Canada, meeting of, 77. 

Salia rufa, n. s., 31. 

Samia cecropia, 162, 216. 

Saperda candida,*203. 

" tridentata, 79. 

Satyrus alope, 69. 

Saunders, Wm., articles by, 1, 13, 56, 60, 
78, 96, 115, 116, 159, 169, 181, 201, 
219, 231, 234, 240. 

Saunders, W. E., article by, 81. 

Schwarz, E. A., article by, 140. 

Schinia trifascia, 86. 

Scolecocampa, 229. 

" obscura, 7. 

Scolecocampine, 141. 

Selandria cerasi, 180. 

Semiothisa Californiata, 8. 

" colorata, n. S., 7. 

" denticulata, n. s., 133. 
" dislocaria, 8. 

" patriciata, n. s., 129. 
" S-signata, 7, 127.. 

Silvanus surinamensis, 82. 

Sivodrepa panicea, 81, 92. 

Smerinthus exzecatus, 203. 

Smith, John B., article by, 229. 


1 Al 


Solpugidee, notes on, 228. 
Spargaloma punctipennis, n. s., 122. 
Speyer, Dr. A., article by, 140, 
Sphingide, larvee of, 238. 
Sphinx chersis, 238. 
Sphyracephala brevicornis, 200. 
Spilosoma congrua, 9. 

" virginica, 163. 
Stibadium aureolum, 75. 
Stirine, 73, 103. 
Stiria rugifrons, 74. 
Synedoida mucronata, n. s., 121. 
Tabanide, new, IIo. 
Tabanus Allynii, 110. 
Tamila mundina, 102. 
Telea polyphemus, 162, 216. 
Telesilla navia, 131. 
Tenebrioides mauritanica, 81. 
Terias lisa, Loo. 
Tetracis Grotearia, 125. 

" oblentaria, n. s., 126. 

" stmpliciaria, nN. S., 27, 127. 

" vidularia, 25. 
Thamnonoma perpallidaria, 25. 
Thecla Wittfeldiz, n. s., 136. 
Therina fervidaria, 127. 
Therioplectes Frenchiz, n. s., 111. 

" SUSUYTUS, M. S., UIT. 

" tetricus, m. S., III. 
Thripidz, notes on, 151. 

Thrips phylloxerze, 152. 

Wee Striatayeners:, 155. 

1 tritici, 152, 156. 
Thyridopteryx ephemerzeformis, 98. 
Tinea ccemetariella, 94. 

Tineidz of North America, 93. 

To Entomologists, 230, 

To our readers, I. 

Townsend, C. H. T.. article by, 205. 
Tornos escaria, 24. 

n  ettpethectarta, n. s., 24. 

»  interruptaria, 25, 

1 ochrofuscaria, 25. 

1  pygmeolaria, 24, 
Trebolium ferrugineum, 82, 

Trials of insects, 212. 
Tricholita zzconspicua, n. s , 129. 
Trichocosmia, n. g., 6. 

" znornata, n. s., 6, 
Tricopis chrysellus, 108. 
Triocenemis saporis, 109. 

Trogus exesorius, 89, 162. 
Trogoderma ornata, 91. 
Trypeta cerasi, 159. 
Urapteryx politia, var. loridata, n. v., 6s 
Vanessa antiopa, 40, 44, 49. 
" " parasite on, 237. 
" Milberti, 44, 49. 


246 INDEX TO 


VOLUME XV. 





Vanessodes fuscipes, 2. 5 , 86. 

Van Wagenen, G. H., article by, 160. 
Walsingham, Lord, article by, 239. 
Williston, S. W., article by, 69. 
Wright, W. G., article by, 228. 
Xylotrechus annosus, early stages of, 31. 


Xyphidria albicornis, 205. 
Ypsia umbrina, 123. 
un undularis, 123. 
Yrias volucris, n. s., 3. 
Zeller’s collections. 138. 
Zeller, Prof. P. C., death of, 176. 


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